Growth of a city - Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other city of India in the 19th and 20th centuries TIPS Trace the growth of the chosen city from 17th century onwards Reasons for its growth and importance New administrative set up like municipalities, railway stations, post offices Change in population pattern district of the British town. "Jobbers and the emergence of trade unions in Bombay city. was at Kirki in November 1817. [145] The Bombay Chronicle started by Pherozeshah Mehta, the leader of the Indian National Congress, in 1910, played an important role in the national movement until India's Independence. 1803. [96] In 1795, the Maratha army defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad. [32], In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at Bassein. Yet, as the population increased, unkempt, overcrowded, and unsanitary conditions became more widespread. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, but it had been hinted that the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba was behind the attacks.[193]. However, the population of Bombay was Vile Parle was the headquarters of the movement[153] in Bombay under Jamnalal Bajaj. [142] The cotton mill industry was adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague. [5] The islands were coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard engineering project in 1784. Several social and religious reform movements were started with the notion of social reform and religious revival in the country. [176] In August 1979, a sister township of Navi Mumbai was founded by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across Thane and Raigad districts of Maharashtra to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. In 1661 it came under British control as part of the marriage settlement between King Charles II and Catherine of Braganza, sister of the king of Portugal. [55] In 1670, the Parsi businessman Bhimjee Parikh imported the first printing press into Bombay. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (Town Hall) was completed in 1833,[67][104] and the Elphinstone College was built in 1835. Such a group of chawls The destruction of the Babri Masjid (Mosque of Bbur) in Ayodhya in December 1992 sparked sectarian rioting in Bombay and throughout India that lasted into early 1993 and caused the deaths of hundreds of people. Already Around 83 people were killed. [122] Violent Parsi-Muslim riots again broke out in February 1874, which were caused by an article on Muhammad published by a Parsi resident. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world . For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions increase in the number of mills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. of the war, it was over. Did you know? [20] Dantidurga of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Karnataka conquered the islands during 749750. The Maratha empire under the Peshwas fell to the machinations of Modern Asian Studies Nigel Harris' paper set out to examine Bombay's rise in the early 19th century was how cities are reacting to competing in an at a time when the Peshwa kingdom was open world economy and second, how collapsing and this led to a congregation Bombayof might perform in the same context. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. other things, set out the possibility of demolition of encroachments. [163] In the 1955 Lok Sabha discussions, when Bombay State was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The goods were subjected to Maratha regulations with respect to taxes and a 30% toll was levied on all goods into the city from Salsette. the development of Mahim and Bandra had to wait another half a century. In 1885 the first session of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party; a focus of both pro-Indian and anti-British sentiment until independence) was held in the city, where subsequently, at its 1942 session, the Congress Party passed the Quit India resolution, which demanded complete independence for India. [182] The attacks were believed to be orchestrated by mafia don Dawood Ibrahim in retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition. Castella de Aguada (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at Bandra in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking the Mahim Bay, the Arabian Sea and the southern island of Mahim. [6] The Koli fishing community had long inhabited the islands. [110] The Bombay Gymkhana was formed in 1875. But, with the end of the Civil War, cotton prices crashed and the bubble burst. The Shiv Sena party was established on 19 June 1966 by Bombay cartoonist Bal Thackeray, out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalization of the native Marathi people in their native state Maharashtra. 2014 Cambridge University Press [161], After the Partition of India on 15 August 1947, over 100,000 Sindhi refugees from the newly created Pakistan were relocated in the military camps five kilometres from Kalyan in the Maharashta Region. [100] In May 1804, Bombay was hit by a severe famine, which led to a large-scale emigration. ", Kooiman, Dick. In November 1664, Shipman's successor Humphrey Cooke agreed to accept Bombay without its dependencies. Those protests led to the states partition into the modern states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960, and Bombay was made the capital of Maharashtra that year. [118] The Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies were started in 1863 to make Bombay merchants independent of the English. [133] The Victoria Terminus of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888. By 2020 it had reached an estimated population of 20 million, making it the 9th largest city by population in the world. [166] Following protests by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra State was formed with Bombay as its capital on 1 May 1960. large numbers of Indians, and claimed to have uncovered a conspiracy to However, this economic boom was at the base of one of [43][44][45] Bahadur Shah had grown apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun and he was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese on 23 December 1534. [149] In 1926, the Back Bay scandal occurred, when the Bombay Development Department under the British reclaimed the Back Bay area in Bombay after the financial crisis incidental to the post-war slump in the city. [189] On 27 January 2003, a bomb placed on a bicycle exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai. gained paramount importance in the world cotton trade. In the year to March, Apple's revenues in India were almost $6bn, an increase of nearly 50% on a year earlier, according to Bloomberg. Covering South Asia, South-East Asia, China, and Japan, this quarterly journal publishes original research articles concerned with the history, geography, politics, sociology, literature, economics, social anthropology and culture of the area. According to Fig. First published in 1949 as the Economic Weekly and since 1966 as the Economic and Political Weekly, EPW, as the journal is popularly known, occupies a special place in the intellectual history of independent India. The city was a centre of maritime trade with Persia and Egypt in 1000 bce. [165] The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay was established in 1958 at Powai, a northern suburb of Bombay. 10 people were killed and 70 were injured. 1880s. The police commissioner, Charles Forjett arrested [197] According to Mumbai Police, the bombings were carried out by Lashkar-e-Toiba and Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI). Note: This article is a review of another work, such as a book, film, musical composition, etc. specially constructed chawls near the mills. 6 References. [18] Christianity arrived in the islands during the sixth century, when the Nestorian Church made its presence in India. blow up the town during the festival of Diwali. [citation needed]. [107] The Cotton Exchange was established in Cotton Green in 1844. [194] On 11 July 2006, a series of seven bomb blasts took place over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai at Khar, Mahim, Matunga, Jogeshwari, Borivali, and one between Khar and Santa Cruz. He suggested the 1900 - By this year, 45 trains of Western Railway in each direction . the This limit was further extended in February 1957 up to Dahisar along the Western Railway and Mulund on the Central Railway. Nothing happenned, but [187], During the 21st century, the city suffered several bombings. On 6 December 2002, a bomb placed under a seat of an empty BEST (Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport) bus exploded near Ghatkopar station in Mumbai. He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Canara and died there in October 1664. [195] 209 people were killed[196] and over 700 were injured. [131] The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 2831 December 1885. After the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1391, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan. [11], The islands were under Muslim rule from 1348 to 1391. A Portuguese attempt to conquer Mahim failed in 1507, but in 1534 Sultan Bahdur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, ceded the island to the Portuguese. [177] The Great Bombay Textile Strike was called on 18 January 1982 by trade union leader Dutta Samant, where nearly 250,000 workers and more than 50 textile mills in Bombay went on strike. 1838. Sir Bartle Frere became the Please read the, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, History of Mumbai under indigenous empires, History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (15341661), Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway, Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies, Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company, Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, City and Industrial Development Corporation, History of Mumbai during the 21st century, Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, "Pay dirt: Treasure amidst Mumbai's trash", "What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank? Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy donated the entire sum of money required to join This resulted in a large influx of traders, artisans, merhcants and labourers into the city. workers began to migrate to Bombay, and each room in a chawl would have As new provinces were settled, new cities began to spring up, and by the 1910s half of all Canadians were living urban, rather than rural lives for the first time. 1 Demographic research suggests that at the beginning of the 19 th century no country in the world had a life expectancy longer than 40 years. According to S.C. Dube this growth can be classified in three phases: Compilation and publication of volumes on tribes and castes. [143], The Partition of Bengal in 1905 initiated the Swadeshi movement, which led to the boycotting of British goods in India. The Lord Willingdon Memorial incident of December 1918 saw the handicap of Home Rulers in Bombay. For more than five decades EPW has remained a unique forum that week after week has brought together academics, researchers, policy makers, independent thinkers, members of non-governmental organisations and political activists for debates straddling economics, politics, sociology, culture, the environment and numerous other disciplines. commemorative tablet in the gardens of the Request Permissions, Published By: Economic and Political Weekly. [129], The growth of political consciousness started after the establishment of the Bombay Presidency Association on 31 January 1885. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. by an Act of the British Parliament. In the early 21st century Mumbai experienced a number of terrorist attacks. [71] Between 1661 and 1675 there was a sixfold increase in population from 10,000 to 60,000. 2 Every country is shown in red. Mumbai ca. [172] During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and south western coast of India, after introduction of ships by the London-based trade firm Shepherd. [184][185] Soon colonial British names were shed to assert or reassert local names,[186] such as Victoria Terminus being renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on 4 March 1996, after the 17th century Marathi King Shivaji. 3 Two books that helped precipitate the reassessment are Thomas Rawski, Economic Growth in Prewar China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), and Loren Brandt, Commercialization and Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern China: 1870s-1930s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). The sea has risen 21 centimetres since the records began in 1880 . [203][204] The city's Wankhede Stadium was the venue for 2011 Cricket World Cup final, where India emerged as a champion for the second time after the 1983 Cricket World Cup. It connected Bombay Island to Kurla in Salsette. By the time the newspapers had confirmed news in this century. 278 were killed and 1,118 were wounded. As against this, the colonial powers added an average of about 240,000 square miles (620,000 square kilometres) a year between the late 1870s and World War I (1914-18). Laws provided for compensation for workplace accidents. [84] By the middle of the eighteenth century, Bombay began to grow into a major trading town and soon Bhandaris from Chaul in Maharashtra, Vanjaris from the Western Ghat mountain ranges of Maharashtra, Africans from Madagascar, Bhatias from Rajasthan, Vaishya Vanis, Goud Saraswat Brahmins, Daivajnas from konkan, ironsmiths and weavers from Gujarat migrated to the islands. The bomb killed 4 people and injured 32. From 1956 until 1960 Bombay was the scene of intense Maratha protests against the two-language (Marathi-Gujarati) makeup of Bombay state (of which Bombay remained the capital), a legacy of British imperialism. Mahim to Sion by a causeway. The city became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century, it was the centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 and Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946. There was a rapid [64][65] The Company immediately set about the task of opening up the islands by constructing a quay and warehouses. As a result of Mumbai's 18th- and 19th-century history as a trading, commercial and manufacturing hub, the population of the city had swollen hugely as migrants from swathes of India's countryside arrived to find work. The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai's population over the last four centuries: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [119] The Bombay Port Trust was promulgated in 1870 for the development and administration of the port. [13] The islands were known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150CE. [67], In 1838, the islands of Colaba and Little Colaba were connected to Bombay by the Colaba Causeway. The Economic and Political Weekly, published from Mumbai, is an Indian institution which enjoys a global reputation for excellence in independent scholarship and critical inquiry. [154] On 15 October 1932 industrialist and aviator J.R.D. [55] He established the Marine force,[55] and constructed the St. Thomas Cathedral in 1718, which was the first Anglican Church in Bombay. ", "Local 'army' offers to protect Bombay's 'Castella', "Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth", International Society for New Institutional Economics (ISNIE), "Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces 313 years ago", Calcutta Magazine and Monthly Register 1832, Acquisition, Changes, and Staff (Acquisition, 17741817, "BMC allots Rs 14 cr to upgrade Mahim Causeway", Grant Medical College and Sir J.J. Gr.of Hospitals, "Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, first Baronet, 18231901", "From Distrust to Reconciliation (The Making of the Ganesh Utsav in Maharashtra)", "The Swadeshi Movement: Culmination of Cultural Nationalism", "BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs", Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture 1983, "About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)", "The Great Mumbai Textile Strike 25 Years On", "Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva)", "Victims await Mumbai 1993 blasts justice", "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus chugs towards a new heritage look", "Blast outside Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, 2 killed", "Blast in Ghatkopar in Mumbai, 4 killed and 32 injured", "At least 174 killed in Indian train blasts", "India police: Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings", "Thackeray continues tirade against North Indians", "North Indian taxi drivers attacked in Mumbai", "HM announces measures to enhance security", "3 bomb blasts in Mumbai; 8 killed, 70 injured", "Death toll in Mumbai terror blasts rises to 19", "International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. [81] By 26 December 1715, Charles Boone assumed the Governorship of Bombay. [103] The Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1872, providing a modern framework of governance for the rapidly growing city. An important reformer was Mary Carpenter, who wrote factory laws that exemplified Victorian modernization theory of the modern, regulated factory as vehicle of pedagogy and civilizational uplift. The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. residents were paying taxes to the civil authorities for the upkeep and [45] The marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Portugal on 8 May 1661 placed Bombay in British possession as a part of Catherine's dowry to Charles. The 20th century began with a damage limitation exercise. By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas for the first time in US history. not yet psychologically prepared for this step. [58] The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585, and built Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho (Our Lady of Good Counsel) at Sion and Nossa Senhora de Salvao (Our Lady of Salvation) at Dadar in 1596. Avabai, Lady In 1960, following protests from the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, the city was incorporated into the newly created Maharashtra state from Bombay state. The islands were joined to the mainland and each other by causeways, and the city's university and major hospitals were founded. Historian Paul Moon has looked in depth at the development of Auckland over the 10 decades from 1900, drawing on diaries, newspapers and oral histories of the time. By joining [60], On 19 March 1662, Abraham Shipman was appointed the first Governor and General of the city, and his fleet arrived in Bombay in September and October 1662. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Descendants of the Yadavas are found in contemporary Mumbai, and most of the place-names on the island date from that era. The development of organized sports during the 19th century played a large role in constructing the 19th century culture into what it was. [37] During 14911494, the islands suffered sea piracies from Bahadur Khan Gilani, a nobleman of the Bahamani Sultanate. [56], The annexation of Portugal by Spain in 1580 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India. An author who grew up in Mumbai calls his city an "urban catastrophe." built by the government. In 1950 the population of Mumbai was around 3 million. 1801 - Siddhivinayak temple built at Prabhadevi. Later, his brother-in-law Nagardev for 17 years till 1348. The University of Bombay was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857. Welgos/Getty Images. [75][76] Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India. The modern city of Bombay took shape in the 19th century. By Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. The Walkeswar Temple at Malabar Point was probably built during the rule of Shilahara chiefs from the Konkan coast (9th13th century). DOUGLAS E. HAYNES. Starting with the Factory Act of 1881, state government played an increasingly important role in regulating the industry. [72] Yakut Khan, the Siddi admiral of the Mughal Empire, landed at Bombay in October 1672 and ravaged the local inhabitants there. Bombay's ethnic soup. to accommodate the whole family. The next step was the completion of the Sion Causeway in [19] The Mauryan presence ended when the Chalukyas of Badami in Karnataka under Pulakeshin II invaded the islands in 610. [67] The Bank of Bombay, the oldest bank in the city, was established in 1840,[106] and the Bank of Western India in 1842. [14] After the end of the Satavahana rule in 250 CE, the Abhiras of Western Maharashtra and Vakatakas of Vidarbha held dominion over the islands. The physical setting of the modern city was almost complete by now. Riots broke out between Muslims and Parsis in October 1851, in consequence of an article on Muhammad which appeared in the Chitra Gnyan Darpan newspaper. The purpose of this project was to block the Worli creek and prevent the low-lying areas of Bombay from being flooded at high tide. The first institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year 1886. 19th Century History of Mumbai: Mumbai/Bombay pages The Nineteenth Century The Taming of the Sea The modern city of Bombay took shape in the 19th century. A few years later the city changed its name to Mumbai, the Marathi name for the city. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. Tata pioneered civil aviation in Bombay by flying a plane from Karachi to Bombay. removal of the fortifications. [120] Tramway communication was instituted in 1873. [112] The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was the first cotton mill to be established in the city on 7 July 1854 at Tardeo in Central Bombay. [111] The first-ever Indian railway line began operations between Bombay and neighbouring Thane over a distance of 21 miles on 16 April 1853. [73] The Treaty of Westminster concluded between England and the Netherlands in 1674, relieved the British settlements in Bombay of further apprehension from the Dutch. Bombay was renamed Mumbai on 6 March 1996. Slums spread across the city and epidemics of plague added to the already high mortality rates. [6] Buddhist monks, scholars, and artists created the artwork, inscriptions, and sculpture of the Kanheri Caves in the mid third century BCE[9] and Mahakali Caves. Under new building rules set up in 1748, many houses were demolished and the population was redistributed, partially on newly reclaimed land. Before the War of Independence, India was each given over to one person, and a common toilet. This act allowed a rebuilding of the core area of the city with the money This volcanic activity resulted in the formation of basaltic outcrops, such as the Gilbert Hill, that are seen at various locations in the city. opposition to this move, and the walls were not removed.
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