San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. San Franciscos water system could not adequately serve its growing population, and the dam presented a solution. o They agreed on the need for basic structural changes in the economy but differed in their approach. Roosevelt also favored the natural beauty of the land and health of the wildlife. o Land and resourcescontrolled by federal government. Yosemite Westgate Lodge offers newly-remodeled and well-appointed modern accommodation. This set the groundwork for the creation of the U.S. Forest Service in 1905, which Pinchot would head. On December 19, 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed the Raker Act which permitted the building of the OShaughnessy Dam and the flooding of the Hetch Hethcy Valley in Yosemite National Park. What was the chief concern of the "Social Gospel"? How much NorCal reservoirs shot up a week after big storm - SFGATE Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. They needed to find a way to increase the power of the electorate and decrease the power of the bosscontrolled legislatures. o Efforts to limit the power of the party and improve the quality of elected officials. Building a dam there was off the table. o Technological innovationsrunning water, electricity, household appliances made housework Others envisioned a moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. What approach did W.E.B. Crusading journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political Hetch Hetchy is on the main stem of the Tuolumne River and is part of the Tuolumne watershed. Although the Hetch Hetchy was a place of great beauty, Pinchot's personal priorities lay in providing resources to a growing citizenry. Some embraced it while others rejected it. The commission took a four-month tour of the American West, surveying and ultimately recommending that the government assume protection of more than 21 million acres of forest across 13 reserves. Some argued that an Equal Rights Amendment should also be passed, but this got little attention. Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. His path roughly follows the John Muir Highway State Highway 132 that runs from Highway 49 in Coulterville up through Greeley Hill before connecting back into Highway 120 before Buck Meadows and the turn-off to Hetch Hetchy. Within a few weeks the panic passed, with only minimal effects on the country. Commission Plan: (city) mayor and council replaced by an elected nonpartisan commission o 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York destroyed by a terrible fire. o Declining family size National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. the double-declining-balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation. Founded in 1903 by Jane Addams, Mary Anderson and other trade unionists, the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) devoted itself to securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. o Interest groups. The battle for the Hetch Hetchy Valleys future was not simply preservation versus conservation. Other trails also continue to Lake Vernon. Others felt it was a threat to freedom. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population, and saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. The text of this article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: Originally published as Friends of the Land: John Muir and Gifford Pinchotin the Winter 2020issue ofHumanitiesmagazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Please notify us at@emailif you are republishing it or have any questions. He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet San Francisco had its eyes on this water source early on and repeatedly tried to acquire water rights to the Tuolumne River. 1920, suffragists won ratification of the Nineteenth Amendmentguaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation. The report cited other dam projects in making the argument that this project would increase tourism. He was opposed by then Mayor Diane Feinstein who argued that the dam was San Franciscans birthright. In 1987, President Reagans Secretary of the Interior, Donald Hodel, proposed that Hetch Hetchy be restored. Utilizing its superior resources, the city produced a detailed report which made a compelling case that, far from damaging the beauty of Yosemite, the dam would actually enhance it. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13: Additional Resources in the o Led by Eugene Debs Hetch Hetchy ushered in a new era for the national parks. APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary. Hetch Hetchy controversy: Definition. Those who presumed to speak for wealth, much of which flowed to San Francisco, believed they were transforming a pioneer land into a settled, civilized one. Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. What was the Socialist Party of America? Who was picked to be Roosevelt's successor? Bierstadts paintings and Muirs writings began to publicize the beauty of the Hetch Hetchy Valley. At the turn of the twentieth century, progressive activists. Suffrage movement gained momentum when states began extending suffrage to women. Environmental Case Study: Hetch Hetchy Valley | DocsTeach Gifford Pinchot, the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, with his friend Theodore Roosevelt in 1907. APUSH Chapter 22 Flashcards | Quizlet They also remove water needed for healthy in-stream ecosystems. The commission reported their recommendations to President Grover Cleveland in 1889, engulfing Cleveland, Pinchot, and the rest of the commission in a political firestorm. Although Wilson got only 42% popular vote, he won an overwhelming electoral victory and a Democratic majority in congress. Challenges to traditional partiesGreenbacks, Populism, Mugwumps (Independent Republicans) Secret ballotsprinted by the government and distributed at the polls to be filled out and deposited in secrethelped chip away at the power of the parties over voters. How did Teddy Roosevelt become president? First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. An unhealthy environment could lead to ignorance, poverty and even criminality. As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. B. Republicans usually held a majority in the Senate. Where did Roosevelt and Taft gain support for becoming the Republican presidential candidate? Photo: Kim Lawson. Hetch-Hetchy Controversy 598, A battle between preservationists and San Francisco in 1913, over Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite. But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. Each switchback reveals scenic overlooks of the reservoir and Kolana Rock. Roosevelt's conservation deal meant working with the big logging companies, not the small, independent ones. He was able to create balance and win reelection in 1904. Men and municipalities who wish something for nothing will encroach upon them, if permitted. Early twentieth-century clubs turned from cultural to social betterment. Third, dams alter natural habitats and change the ways in which rivers function. What caused a division between the president and the conservative wing of his party? Chapter 20 APUSH Reading Guide Flashcards | Quizlet Courtesy of Evergreen Lodge Northern California's reservoir levels continued to rise in the week after an. And if youre an engineer or a manager, or if youre interested in fairness or democratic processes, youre probably a Pinchot person. And yet, for Clayton, these differences deepen the story of the two mens cooperation as much as their rivalry. 02/08/2011. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Who were the muckrakers? Aspire to be professionals. taken to Pinchothead of the Forest Servicewho took the information to the president. o Strongest in urban immigrant communities and Protestant farmers in the South and Midwest In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. Clayton suggests that we are drawn to this conflict because its two characters embody deep conflicts within the American experience. What was the social gospel Apush quizlet? The Freeman Report artfully depicted reservoirs in Norway, the United Kingdom and the eastern United States showing how nature and public utility worked together to improve their surroundings and provide long-term benefits for everyone. In the late nineteenth century, American Populism. had more authority in the west then the state and municipal governments. o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? The two have come to embody the conflicting philosophies at the heart of the American public land system: preservation vs. conservation. less demanding By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. What reform issues did Wilson not support? Five country-chic rooms in the main building include en suite bathrooms, free WiFi and electric fireplaces. APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary Flashcards It is only a cut in the hills through which the Tuolumne River runs, but if you think there might be a valley keep looking and if you find such a place I will give it to you., Nate went on looking for the valley. During the first years of his presidency, he was concerned with being reelected. o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". In 1913, Woodrow Wilson appointed Lane his Secretary of the Interior. An advantage which Phelan, Pinchot and other supporters of the dam project enjoyed was a divided opposition. What dramatically weakened the socialists? Enjoy elegant touches like wrap-around porches, and fresh-baked cookies served daily. William Howard Taft assumed the presidency in 1909he was Roosevelt's most trusted lieutenant and handpicked successor. They refused to support the war effortgrowing [11] Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. During the opening months of his administration, Taft called Congress into special session to lower protective rates. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. Legal walls must be built about them for defense, for every park will be attacked. Direct Primary: Hetch Hetchy - Yosemite National Park (U.S. National Park Service) The most determined opponents to lynching in the South were southern women (black and white). 2023 Yosemite Mariposa County Tourism Bureau, Yosemite Itineraries: What to Do in Yosemite. Who was Jane Addams? Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. Once the glaciers retreated, tributaries leading into the main river were left hanging hundreds or thousands of feet above the valley floor, creating the beautiful waterfalls we know today. Could you imagine building a dam inside a national park today? You could then scuba ElCapitan down to the valley floor. Why did many progressives look towards reforming state governments? B. led to a diversification of research interests. Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. causing much controversy. A full breakfast is served in the dining room. professional organizations, trade associations representing businesses and Your email address will not be published. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located. West and East. should be ended altogether. Called for arbitration between the groups. Other reforms (by some states): APUSH Chapter 22 Flashcards | Quizlet To get to Hetch Hetchy, turn north off Highway 120 onto Evergreen Road about 1 mile (2.2 km) outside the Big Oak Flat Entrance gate, and 12.5 miles (20 km) east of the small community of Buck Meadows. Strengthen the government's ability to break up trusts. Frenemies John Muir and Gifford Pinchot Although there are relatively few visitors to Hetch Hetchy, youll find most of them along the trail to Wapama Fall. Second, the sanctity of the national parks which they believed should not be violated. C. favored the direct election of United States senators. The book confronts the common historical narrative that Muir and Pinchot were enemies, their relationship defined by their battle over the creation of the Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite. His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. Briefly present an argument why ONE of the following developments was the most significant factor contributing to greater environmental conservation in the United States in the 1930s. Chapter 28 APUSH Flashcards | CourseNotes This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations AMA called for strict, scientific standards. It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` PDF Chapter 28 & 29 IDs 2014 - APUSH Review Many blamed the Wobblies for dynamiting railroad lines, power stations, and other acts Yosemite's Accidental Wilderness | Sierra Club As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. Describe the different approaches to municipal reform. Instead, the magnificence of a valley often described as Yosemite Valleys slightly smaller twin takes center stage. Jane Addams was an important social worker. the 1914 elections. Robert La Follette: governor of Wisconsin. Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. Recall: Initiative and Referendum . o Teaching As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. economy. What was the Hetch Hetchy controversy Apush? - Kyoto2.org should be reserved, protected, and administered by the Federal Government . If you love that insider feeling of discovering an often-overlooked gem, plan a stop at Buck Meadows on your way to or from Hetch Hetchy. From the turn-off, the road winds for 16.5 miles up the old Hetch Hetchy railroad grade (26.5 km) to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, passing many lonely trails along the way. What did the congressional elections of 1910 show? respond? o Some did not agree with a restriction on immigration: employers (immigrants = cheap labor), immigrants themselves, and their political representatives. How did the following contribute to the reform effort? William Howard Taft became president in 1909. Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. As a consequence, visitors came to experience it for themselves. Roosevelt and his followers left the convention and the party. Youll just need to see them for yourself. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the federal government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. The gently rolling terrain has excellent views of the water and eye-catching Kolana Rock, which towers roughly 2,000 feet above. Many feared that we were headed for a timber famine in the next twenty years. Roosevelt knew that the Panic of 1907 and the divide between him and the conservatives in his party might make it hard for him to win the nomination of his party. As Muir famously protested: Dam Hetch Hetchy? Lukas Keel was an intern withHumanitiesmagazine. 46. Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind. Donald Hodel, then Secretary of the Interior, suggested that the time might be ripe to remove the O . Instead, it was a more complicated battle which pitted public interests against private interests. Why did voter turnout decline in the early twentieth century? They also argued that it would help the temperance movementgiving the largest group of supporters a political voice. Why did Roosevelt push for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act? He said, So we come now face to face with the perfectly clean question of what is the best use to which this water that flows out of the Sierras can be put. The Tuolumne River continues through Tuolumne Meadows and the associated park developments at an elevation of 8,600 feet. In 1896, the Democratic political platform. challenging the existing male-dominated order. Historians of the American conservation movement regard Pinchot as the foremost exemplar of the utilitarian approach to conservation, according to which man has a right to use natural resources, but also an obligation to use them wisely and efficientlyor as the classic criterion put it, the greatest good for the greatest number over the long run. As applied to forests and espoused by Pinchot, this meant that the nations forest reserves ought not to be maintained as inviolate sanctuaries, but opened to enlightened management.. Coming from the San Francisco Bay Area youll pass right through Buck Meadows on Highway 120. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. Roosevelt loved being president. If you want to follow the old railroad line today, the Hetch Hetchy Road and most of the Mather Road were built on the old railroad bed and are beautiful scenic drives as well. What part should mountains, rivers, natural meadows or wild creatures play in American life? Unions: Was he a good choice? Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. Buchanan v. Worley (1917): Supreme Court struck down a law in Kentucky, requiring residential segregation o NAACP also addressed the lynchings occurring in the South. o Secret ballot had the right to be expanded. They wanted a federal law making lynching illegal. This time, in favor of those who wanted to build the dam. APUSH Unit 7: Chapter 28 Flashcards | Quizlet The battle for Hetch Hetchy wasnt just conservationists vs preservationists. O'Shaughnessy Dam (California) - Wikipedia On U.S. Forest Service land, the interests of mining and lumber companies are balanced with the recreational pursuits of hunters, snowmobilers, and cross-country skiers. While John Muir led the fight against building the dam, the opposition was supported by Gifford Pinchot. Level. San Francisco applied once again for rights to Hetch Hetchy in 1908. How to Some opposed "bigness" because the considered it inefficient. Helped turn his state into what reformers across the nation called the "laboratory of progressivism".