disadvantages of nanotechnology in cancer treatment

There is an exponential growth in the field of nano-based sensing and drug delivery [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. 13(1), 238IN27 (1965), J. Gubernator, Active methods of drug loading into liposomes: recent strategies for stable drug entrapment and increased in vivo activity. Eng. Sensors (Basel). 7b. To develop nanomaterials for specific biomedical applications, surface chemistry design is indispensable. Carbohyd. The designing of multifunctional delivery platforms using mesoporous silica nanomaterials with different characteristics is possible because of facile modification of their surface. Int. The surface charge of the nanoparticles is one of the leading factors to direct the interaction at the nano-bio interface [23]. J. Nanomed. Mater. Biomaterials 33(4), 11801189 (2012), Y. Qiu et al., Surface chemistry and aspect ratio mediated cellular uptake of Au nanorods. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The table illustrates the type of inorganic nanomaterial used as nanocarrier, the explicit drug loaded on the carrier and the cancer cells. It has been demonstrated thatAu nanoparticles decorated with two different anticancer drugsnot only prolong the drug circulation timebut also enhanced drugtargeting and reduced the risk of drug resistance [143]. Polymeric nanoparticles are efficient in enhancing therapeutic and diagnostic effects over conventional medicines. 90, 906913 (2017), V.R. Cells Nanomed. Moreover, due to the poor lymphatic function, the nanoparticles are not rapidly cleared and accumulate in the tumor interstitium [30]. Int. Sci. 2023 Mar 11;15(6):1400. doi: 10.3390/polym15061400. J. Navya et al., Single step formation of biocompatible bimetallic alloy nanoparticles of gold and silver using isonicotinylhydrazide. The effectiveness of anticancer drug treatment can be achieved only when the administered drug is of proper dosage and display maximal activity in the cancer cells. Sci. Polymeric nanoparticles serve as a versatile platform to deliver drugs due to their different chemical composition, charge and physical structure. The results revealed that the decrease in bacterial cell conductivity due to cell wall rupture and massive cell death which appears in the. J. Nanomed. Sci. Biotechnol. The in vitro studies indicated that the nanocarrier developed with docosahexaenoic acid, polyamide amine and conjugated with PTX had a better anticancer activity toward upper gastrointestinal cancer cells when compared to polyamide amine conjugated with PTX [276]. These particles can selectively target human osteosarcoma cells and are capable of pH-responsive antitumor drug delivery. Nanotechnology enabling the use of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as reliable cancer biomarkers. Cells Nanomed. ACS Bio Med Chem Au. Mater. The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded mesoporous silica nanomaterials toward cancer cells overexpressing CD44 receptor was enhanced with IC50 of 0.56g/mL whereas; the normal cells showed lower cytotoxicity with the IC50of 1.03g/mL [225]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Nanotechnology has led to several promising results with its applications in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, including drug delivery [ 2 ], gene therapy, detection and diagnosis, drug carriage, biomarker mapping, targeted therapy, and molecular imaging. Mater. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Sci. Nature 196(4853), 476 (1962), S.K. Mol. Nano Convergence 6, 23 (2019). Hence nanotechnology has a deep impact on the environment. -. Bae, Drug targeting and tumor heterogeneity. Colloids Surf. Current mainstay treatment of cancer includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, among which chemotherapy has been widely performed in clinic because of its simple and convenient process [1,2].However, there are still some significant limitations in cancer treatment using chemotherapy only. 127(36), 1249212493 (2005), Z. Liu et al., Carbon nanotubes in biology and medicine: in vitro and in vivo detection, imaging and drug delivery. The .gov means its official. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Soc. Saline and LPS served as negative and positive control; d size of the tumor measured after 22nd day of mice immunization; e histological sections of different organs on 23rd day after immunization of mice with different treatments (1) control, (2) soluble OVA, (3) iron oxide nanoparticles and (4) OVA-iron oxide nanoparticles. Pharm. Mater. Oncol. Abstract. Therefore, synthesis and characterization of the nanomaterials for drug delivery need to be carefully performed to avoid the potential unwanted toxicity of nanocarriers to healthy cells [23]. Illustration of TMZ (temozolomide) and siRNA conjugated preparation of folic acid decorated Fa-PEG-PEI-PCL and release of antitumor therapeutics inside the cancer cells (a); TEM images showing TMZ-conjugated, folic acid-decorated PEC micelle (left) and TMZ and siRNA-conjugated, folic acid-decorated PEC micelle (right) at pH 7.4. Specificity is defined as how effective the interaction is between the ligand-conjugated nanoparticles with their target molecules weighted against off-target effects incurred before reaching the target molecules. Roopan, Biosynthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles and its anticancer activity on human colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116). Eur. Nano Lett. Nanomedicine 2(1), 113123 (2007), G. Han et al., Drug and gene delivery using gold nanoparticles. However, some cons have also been noticed due to which the use of nanotechnology at a larger scale is not being encouraged. 30(10), 25122522 (2013), J. Wu et al., Robust, responsive, and targeted PLGA anticancer nanomedicines by combination of reductively cleavable surfactant and covalent hyaluronic acid coating. The fabricated nanoparticles enhanced cellular uptake via CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis by HeLa cells. The most effective approach of delivering anticancer drugs is by conjugation of ligands that specifically recognize and binds to the receptors on the tumor cells. 2023 Apr 4;28(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s11658-023-00442-z. IET Nanobiotechnol. Kumar, F. Mohammad, Magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery. Interfaces 9(4), 39853994 (2017), K. Yin Win, S.-S. Feng, Effects of particle size and surface coating on cellular uptake of polymeric nanoparticles for ral delivery of anticancer drugs. Eng. Standish, J.C. Watkins, Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. Chem. Since there are a multitude of smaller interactions presented by diverse complex biomolecules based on simple van der Waals interactions, the cumulative effects of these smaller interactions can hinder nanoparticles approach to their target sites. 353(1), 2632 (2007), F. Zhao et al., Cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and cytotoxicity of nanomaterials. 12, 446452 (2018), C. Chen et al., pH-responsive nanoreservoirs based on hyaluronic acid end-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Effect of OVA-iron oxide nanoparticles: macrophages activation with different concentrations of OVA, and production of a TNF-, b IL-6, c IFN-. Temozolomide-FaPEC@siRNA exhibited higher cytotoxicity than both temozolomide-FaPEC and temozolomide-PEC, whereas C6 cells incubated with FaPEC@SCR and PEC@SCR exhibited viabilities over 90% even at a very high 100g/mL polymer concentration, indicating low cytotoxicity of carrier, a vital characteristic for in vivo application. Azhar NA, Abu Bakar SA, Citartan M, Ahmad NH. The tariquidar and doxorubicin-loaded pH sensitive liposome formulation exhibited outstanding tumour inhibition against the tested cells by increasing the accumulation of doxorubicin in cells, allowing them to enter specifically into the nuclei [241]. Nanotechnology provides high sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexed measurement capacity and has therefore been investigated for the detection of extracellular cancer biomarkers and cancer cells, as well as for in vivo imaging. Nanoconstructs for theranostic application in cancer: Challenges and strategies to enhance the delivery. [222] have developed macroporous silica nanoparticles with a peptide loading efficiency of 40%, which upon administration induced apoptosis. B Biointerfaces 133, 246253 (2015), A. Kaphle, N.P. Soc. Int. Chu, Cetuximab-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy. Chem. J. Pharm. Liu et al. 550(1), 170179 (2018), H. Gan et al., Enhanced delivery of sorafenib with anti-GPC3 antibody-conjugated TPGS-b-PCL/pluronic P123 polymeric nanoparticles for targeted therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, nanotechnology is creating new opportunities for designing materials that can revolutionize the approaches to drug delivery and transform the landscape of the pharmacological treatment of cancer [7, 24,25,26]. Int. b Prussian blue staining of cells incubated for 4h with different treatments at 20g/mL of iron equivalent dose. Nanoparticles (NP) have been used in tumor therapies as appropriate tools for enhancing drug delivery efficacy and enabling . In fact, most of our current knowledge is based on a few subcutaneous tumor xenograft models that divide vigorously resulting in very high EPR effects. Int. Current nanotechnology-based treatments such as Abraxane and Doxil do cause side effects like weight loss, nausea, and diarrhea. Pharm. Int. Typically not drugs themselves, nanoparticles have the potential to deliver traditional cancer drugs to tumors with fewer side effects, or to enable non-traditional drugs (e.g., proteins or nucleic acids) to be targeted to . Saudi Pharm. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 105, 228241 (2016), O. Akhavan et al., The use of a glucose-reduced graphene oxide suspension for photothermal cancer therapy. Various nanoformulations including polymeric, liposomes, and lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles have already been proposed to improve the biodistribution and targeting capabilities . Additionally, charge switchable nanoparticles have also been developed, and such nanoparticles are reported to change their surface charge in response to external stimuli, with such charge switchable nanoparticles having positive impact toward enhanced cellular uptake [117, 118]. It could also highlight a tumor's parameters and margins to enhance the precision of diagnostics. Transl. Biotechnol. This gradient in the pH profile between pathological cells and normal cells can be exploited for controlled drug release. These structures can be produced by using macromolecules such as polyamide amine (PAMAM), polypropyleneimine and poly(aryl ether). Interfaces 9(46), 4088740897 (2017), Y. Tang et al., Co-delivery of trichosanthin and albendazole by nano-self-assembly for overcoming tumor multidrug-resistance and metastasis.
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