[19] It then became apparent that for arsenic to be effective, it had to be combined with small doses of either bismuth or mercury. Arsenic, mainly arsphenamine, neoarsphenamine, acetarsone and mapharside, in combination with bismuth or mercury, then became the mainstay of treatment for syphilis until the advent of penicillin in 1943. Bloody knives were used as scalpels. The simple answer lies in one of humanitys least favorite topics: venereal diseases. [7, 11, 12], In 1906 Paul Ehrlich, a German histological chemist at the Robert Koch Institute who later in his life founded the sciences of chemotherapy and immunology. Bullets fly, the cold creeps in, and your body is so malnourished thatyou can barely walk. Review, Definition of Terrorism Social and Political Effects, The History of Plague Part 1. There was no knowledge of the causes of disease, no Koch's postulates. [7] It was this phase of the disease for which syphilis was greatly feared, because of the disfigurement it caused and the social ostracism that ensued. It was viewed by ordinary people as a sign of sin, for which they were shunned and punished. The South also had some manufacturing capabilities and worked with herbal remedies. Exposure turned many a cold into a case of pneumonia, and complicated other ailments. Some were aware that the alterations were connected with sexual activity. [11] In 1893 Jean-Alfred Fournier, a French dermatologist who worked as an understudy to Ricord, published a work on the treatment of the disease but cautioned there was no cure. Respiratory problems, such as pneumonia and bronchitis were treated with dosing of opium or sometimes quinine and muster plasters. [18] Arsenic however, while being able to cure syphilis whereas mercury wasnt, had many drawbacks administration of treatment was complex requiring many injections over a long period of time, and it also produced toxic side effects. Romania: Castles, Ruins, and Medieval Villages, Iceland in Summer: Journey Through a Fabled Land, Monster of the Month w/ Colin Dickey: Mokele-Mbembe, Accidental Discoveries: A Celebration of Historical Mistakes, Antiques and Their Afterlives: Stories from the Collection of Ryan and Regina Cohn, Monster of the Month w/ Colin Dickey: Satanists, Once Upon a Time: Fairy Tale Writing With Anca Szilgyi, Gourds Gone Wild: Growing and Crafting Gourds With Gourdlandia, Playing Ancient Games: History & Mythology With John Bucher, Secrets of Tarot Reading: History & Practice With T. Susan Chang, Archaeological Site inside Monastiraki Metro Station. Elsewhere in the report that contains this map. Sex workers were common in stations and occupied cities, and the last worry on a soldiers mind in that moment were venereal diseases. The evidence suggests that the disease existed in both hemispheres of the world from prehistoric times. Harvard Medical School did not even own a single stethoscope or microscope until after the war. [9], Syphilis and medicine in the 18th and 19th centuries, During the 18th century medical thinking on the disease began to advance. In 1736 Jean Astruc, a French royal physician and professor of medicine at Montpellier and Paris, wrote one of the first great medical works on syphilis and venereal disease, De Morbus Veneris. In 1761 the Italian anatomist and pathologist Giovanni Battista Morgagni published De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomen Indagatis in which he wrote that the symptoms of syphilis and gonorrhoea arose from separate conditions. Before Arlington was a national cemetery, it was the Lee homestead, and then a tent city for occupying troops. Albert Ludwig Neisser, a German physician specialising in dermatology and venereology and who had been using some of Ehrlichs earlier arsenicals to treat syphilis, described Ehrlichs new drug : Arsenobenzol, designated 606, Better and more complete records were kept during this period than they had been before. [20, 21], In 1917 Julius Wagner-Jauregg, an Austrian physician, introduced the treatment of neurosyphilis with fever therapy by infecting the patient with malaria, then treating the malaria with quinine. The observation had been made that after a febrile illness the symptoms of neurosyphilis diminished, and the rationale was that it was easier to treat malaria with quinine than the syphilis with mercury or arsenic. Fred A. Kislig and Walter M. Simpson, two American physicians, introduced in 1936 the treatment of electropyrexia, using a short-wave apparatus to induce pyrexia in a patient to treat syphilis and gonorrhoea. In the last several decades development of palaeopathology has enabled close evaluation of Old World skeletons and many studies have published their findings of evidence for syphilitic bone disease. Blood poisoning, sepsis or Pyemia (Pyemia meaning literally pus in the blood) was common and often very deadly. [7], In 1527, Jacques de Bethencourt in his work New Litany of Penitence, introduced the term Morbus venerus, or venereal disease. Bethencourt rejected the term morbus gallicus, and suggested that since the disease arises from illicit love it should be called the malady of Venus or venereal disease. He also considered it was a new disease not known to the ancients and not appearing in Europe until the end of the 15th century. It was estimated that 995 of 1000 Union troops eventually contracted chronic diarrhea or dysentery; their Confederate counterparts suffered similarly. Plaguing the world since ancient times, smallpox brought down powerful rulers like Pharaoh Ramses V, and has been credited with aiding the fall of Rome and the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. Syphilization was also used as a preventative, analogous to smallpox inoculation. WebAnesthesia's first recorded use was in 1846 and was commonly in use during the Civil War. [22] Mahoney and his colleagues at the US Marine Hospital, Staten Island, treated four patients with primary syphilis chancres with intramuscular injections of penicillin four-hourly for eight days for a total of 1,200,000 units by which time the syphilis had been cured. This became a turning point in the treatment for syphilis as penicillin was shown to be highly effective when administered during either its primary or secondary stages, and it had few side effects of any significance when compared to mercury or arsenic. Arnold wrote in 1986 of his early work with penicillin and syphilis: Syphilis was once a dreaded and dreadful disease involving millions of US citizens. Before the introduction of penicillin, the heavy-metal cure often caused thousands of deaths each year. The morbidity and mortality of the disease itself was horrendous, involving all ages from the fetus to the elderly. [23]. [7, 8, 10] As well, a rash of verrucous papules often broke out in the genital area. When these healed, a long latent period occurred, lasting months initially and as history passed, several years, in which there were few symptoms. The last phase consisted of the appearance of abscesses and ulcers, and the gumma referred to by Girolamo Fracastoro, often ending with severe debility, madness or death. The anesthetic was applied to a cloth held over the patient's mouth and nose and was withdrawn after the patient was unconscious. Yet, for the most part, the Civil War doctor (as understaffed, underqualified, and under-supplied as he was) did the best he could, muddling through the so-called "medical middle ages." Heart Sickness - Condition caused by loss of salt from body In fact, there are 800,000 recorded cases of its use. The Civil War "sawbones" was doing the best he could. Before the Wasserman blood testthe first widely used serum diagnosis test for syphiliswas developed in 1906, diagnosing syphilis relied on the evaluation of visible symptoms like lesions, rashes, and chancres. As if that wasnt enough, there was also the problem of the commonality of venereal diseases. But the human race still emerged from the war with a few potential advances in hand, among them a cure for Slate is published by The Slate Charles objective was to take over the Kingdom of Naples from Alphonso II so that he could use Naples as a base from which to launch a campaign to the Crusades. The soldiers of Alphonso II were mostly Spanish mercenaries. Disease was particularly rampant in the prisoner-of-war camps, whose conditions were generally worse than the army camps. [24, 27, 32] Baker and Armelagos (1988) concluded that pre-Columbian American skeletal analyses reflect a treponematosis that spread to the Old World through non-venereal contact, and that European social and environmental conditions at the time favoured the development of venereal transmission. They also stated that the rapid spread of syphilis throughout Europe around 1500 reflected the introduction of a virulent disease into a population that had not been previously exposed and had no immunity to it. [24] When Charles VIII invaded and seized Naples in 1495, Naples was populated by Spanish immigrants and was defended largely by Spanish mercenaries who had probably already contracted the disease in Spain and who then passed the disease onto Charles soldiers and followers when they invaded Naples. Part 1 Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague. There were some advances, mainly in the field of military medicine. On occasion, vital medicines were smuggled into the South, sewn into the petticoats of ladies sympathetic to the Southern cause. [2, 3] In the US Army during World War I they were the second most common reason for disability and absence from duty, being responsible for nearly 7 million lost person-days and the discharge of more than 10,000 men. Only the Spanish influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 accounted for more loss of duty during that war. During World War II between 1941 and 1945 the annual incidence of STDs in the US Army was 43 per 1,000 strength. In the Vietnam War during the period 1963 to 1970 the overall average annual incidence of STDs was 262 per 1,000 strength, compared with, at the time, 30 per 1,000 in continental US-based army personnel. In Vietnam 90% of STD cases were due to gonorrhoea and slightly over 1% were due to syphilis. In the 1860s,before germ theory had taken hold in the field of medicine, medical facilities often lacked the necessary hygiene to prevent infections. The government's intention to study such scientific research lead to unethical behavior by luring men, whom did not know about such experiment. In fact, diarrhea and dysentery alone claimed more men than did battle wounds. An inspector who visited the camps of one Federal Army found that they were, "littered with refuse, food, and other rubbish, sometimes in an offensive state of decomposition; slops deposited in pits within the camp limits or thrown out of broadcast; heaps of manure and offal close to the camp." By 1861, the year in which the Civil War broke out, the western world had been vaccinating against smallpox for over half a century. WebThe new political movementonce treated with such contempt by southern elites as to desire whipping it into submission as they would a slavequickly gathered support. After a time however he did recognise its toxicity when administered as an elixir and resorted to using it either as an inunction, an ointment made from metallic mercury and rubbed into the skin, or as a suffumigation, the inhalation of and bathing of the body in fumes, or indeed both at the same time. Mykhayl Shulha, six, cried and hugged relatives next to the coffin of his 12-year-old sister, Sofia Shulha, during the funeral today, while others paid respects to a 17-year-old boy. Thanks to historian Susan Schulten, who wrote about this report in her Mapping the Nation: History and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century America. . [16] However the name syphilis was not in general use to describe the disease until the early nineteenth century. [9]. The Henderson Act was passed in 1943, requiring tests and treatments for venereal diseases to be publicly funded, and by 1947, penicillin had become the standard Though medicine and its. - Slate Magazine Alternatively, they would wait for a scab to form and then take it out. Syphilis would remain a significant social and medical problem through the mid-20th century. After all, this informal method of vaccination seemed like a smaller risk thanthe ones they faced daily. Richard Holcombs argument in 1935 that syphilis was of pre-Columbian origin was based on a description by Michael Angelus Blondus, a 16th century Italian surgeon, who identified it with a disease described by Aurelius Cornelius Celsus, a 2nd century Greek philosopher, and Paul of Aegina, a 7th century Greek physician. Left untreated, the disease could cripple a person, with symptoms including rashes and chancres, fevers, headaches, fatigue, paralysis, blindness, and dementia. By the end of the War, Chimbarazo had 150 wards and was capable of housing a total of 4,500 patients. The disease was striking in two ways: for its unpleasantness and for its status as a new disease, unknown to the ancient medical authorities. Treatment of Venereal Disease during the Civil War - Medical WebThis paper will explore the impact of syphilis on American families from the Civil War to 1900, treating the war as a superspreader event. Numerous patent medicines were also developed, especially in the 19th century, often with euphemistic names and advertising. Ignorance of camp sanitation and scanty knowledge about how disease was carried led to a sort of "trial and error" system. For details and exceptions, see the Harvard Library Copyright Policy 2022 Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College. To halt disease, doctors used many cures. The Tuskegee syphilis ("bad blood") experiment was Thinking they could be immune to the terrifying smallpox, many Civil War soldiers accidentally infected themselves with syphilis. Facing the threat of smallpox, many soldiers resorted to arm-to-arm vaccination which often led to further medical complications. Library of Congress/LC-DIG-ppmsca-33113 Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. For bowel complaints, open bowels were treated with a plug of opium. 1519, Of the vvood called guaiacum, that healeth the Frenche pockes. [28], A third important scholar of the time who believed in the Columbian origin of syphilis was Ruiz Diaz de Isla, a Barcelona physician, who published in a book in 1539 that Columbus men contracted the disease in Hispaniola in 1492 and that he had observed its rapid spread through Barcelona after Columbus return. De Isla wrote that he had treated the men for the disease but hadnt realised it was the same disease that had been ravaging Europe until many years later. He called it Morbo serpentine, the hideous, dangerous, terrible disease. To search or browse all items digitized for the Contagion exhibit, please use the search bar in the top navigation menu or the "Limit Your Search" options in the left navigation menu (accessible from the exhibit's home page). In a sample of 8,900 uses of anesthesia, only 43 deaths were attributed to the anesthetic, a remarkable mortality rate of 0.4%. Doi No 11.2021-47955651, If I were asked which is the most destructive of all diseases I should unhesitatingly reply, it is that which for some years has been raging with impunity What contagion does thus invade the whole body, so much resist medical art, becomes inoculated so readily, and so cruelly tortures the patient ? Desiderius Erasmus, 1520. Enslaved people were money. [5], Syphilis had a variety of names, usually people naming it after an enemy or a country they thought responsible for it. The French called it the Neapolitan disease, the disease of Naples or the Spanish disease, and later grande verole or grosse verole, the great pox, the English and Italians called it the French disease, the Gallic disease, the morbus Gallicus, or the French pox, the Germans called it the French evil, the Scottish called it the grandgore, the Russians called it the Polish disease, the Polish and the Persians called it the Turkish disease, the Turkish called it the Christian disease, the Tahitians called it the British disease, in India it was called the Portuguese disease, in Japan it was called the Chinese pox, and there are some references to it being called the Persian fire. What If She Never Existed? In August 1495 the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I proclaimed that nothing like this disease had been seen before and that it was punishment from God for blasphemy. By 1500 syphilis had reached the Scandinavian countries, Britain, Hungary, Greece, Poland and Russia. It was a time of world exploration and Europeans took the disease to Calcutta in 1498, and by 1520 it had reached Africa, the near East, China, Japan and Oceania. By John Frith Smallpox outbreaks were common on both sides, as were resulting deaths. Looking in the garden. WebThe Deadly Deception Summary. The best, however, was not very common in this scenario, as it too often led to spurious vaccination, or an attempt at vaccination whose result was unsuccessful or harmful. The following sources were used in writing this page. Charles army led by General Louis II de la Tremoille crushed all resistance from intervening Italian cities and in February 1495 took Naples. While occupying Naples the French soldiers indulged in a long bout of celebration and debauchery, and within a short space of time it came apparent that they were afflicted by a terrible disease. CCHF is a tick borne virus that can also transmit between humans by close contact with blood or bodily Because of this, thousands of soldiers were killed by simple infections and diseases we now consider non-threatening orobsolete. It is probably only coincidental with the Columbus expeditions that the syphilis previously thought of as lepra in Europe flared into virulence at the end of the fifteenth century. [30], Several medical historians over the last century have postulated other reasons for syphilis being a pre-Columbian Old World disease a greater lay and medical recognition of syphilis developed in recent eras, and that syphilis had evolved from other treponeal diseases into a more virulent form due to a combination of social, cultural and environmental changes around the time of Columbus. Judy Woodruff: Inequities around the world clearly also exist here. So incensed was Syphilus that he blasphemed the Sun-God in good set terms and decided from henceforth to offer no sacrifices to him, but to worship King Alcithous. Injections were yet to come, so doctors preferred vaccination method was to gatherfluid from an active pustule of an infected cow or person and introduceit into the patients bloodstream by making a cut in the skin. Until the 19th century, syphilis was known by many different names, but the most common was the French Disease. (The French called it the Neopolitan disease, in a pattern that would repeat itself elsewhere. Lack of water and time meant they did not wash off hands or instruments. Manuela Beltrn Is a Colombian Hero. 4 Troops from rural areas were crowded together for the first time with large numbers of other individuals and got diseases they had no immunity to. Doctors often took over houses, churches, schools, even barns for hospitals. Senegal's health ministry confirmed a case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in a hospital on the outskirts of the capital Dakar, it said in a statement. In a world with no antibiotics, how did doctors treat infections? Click on the image below to reach a zoomable version. Mercury had terrible side effects causing neuropathies, kidney failure, and severe mouth ulcers and loss of teeth, and many patients died of mercurial poisoning rather than from the disease itself. Treatment would typically go on for years and gave rise to the saying, A night with Venus, and a lifetime with mercury [8], Gerhard van Swieten (1700-1772), an Austrian army surgeon, introduced the internal use of corrosive sublimate, mercuric chloride, or liquor Swietenii, which stayed in use as treatment for syphilis for many years, and Guido Bacelli in 1894 developed it as an injection. [33] Rothschild (2005) states that it is clear syphilis was present in the New World at the time of Columbus arrival, perhaps in a milder or a non-venereal form, and there is evidence it existed in the same area of the Dominican Republic at which he landed. Rothschild also states that all evidence for treponeal disease existing in re-Columbian Europe represents isolated cases for which alternative diagnoses are more likely. [32], A review of palaeopathogical studies of treponeal disease in the New and Old World by Baker and Armelagos in 1988 documented an abundance of pre-Columbian New World finds, but an absence of Old World finds, a finding that was reaffirmed by Powell and Cook and by Rothschild in 2005. However, about 75% of amputees did survive. Up until that time the disease was usually known as the French disease or French pox, the Spanish pox, or just simply, the pox. Anesthesia was usually administered by the open-drop technique. De Vigo expressed the view that this was a new disease. Until the early 20th century, the primary treatment for syphilis was mercury, in the form of calomel, ointments, steam baths, pills, and other concoctions. During the 1860s, doctors had yet to develop bacteriology and were generally ignorant of the causes of disease. Wounds How Civil War Soldiers Gave Themselves Syphilis While Trying to Avoid Smallpox. If a soldier survived the table, he faced the awful surgical fevers. But why would doctors specifically target children to help infect soldiers with cowpox? A month and a half, about, after the appearance of the first symptoms, the patients are afflicted with pains sufficiently to draw from them cries of anguish. He described the association of late stage syphilis with a wasting and paralysis disorder known as tabes dorsalis. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month. Baillire, 1849. Chloroform was the most common anesthetic, used in 75% of operations. [4] In 1913 Joseph Waldron Moore and Hideyo Noguchi isolated the syphilis spirochaete Spirochaeta pallida, which had previously been discovered in 1905 by Fritz Schaudinn, from the brains of people who had died from a condition called general paralysis of the insane, establishing syphilis as the cause of this condition. For every soldier who died in battle, two died of disease. Add to this appalling numerical disparity the shortage of medical supplies, the lack of sanitary conditions, and the high number of wounded soldiers, and you can see how extensive vaccinationwas almost impossible. Ein hubscher Tractat von dem Ursprung des bosen Franzos, das man nennet die wilden Wartzen: auch ein Regime[n]t und ware Ertzenney mit Salben und Gedranck, wie man sich regiren soll in diser Zeyt. USCivilWar.Net wants to thank Jenny Goellnitz for compiling this information.jgoellnitz@yahoo.com. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have posed a threat to military service members throughout history. When campaigns to eradicate venereal disease came to Macon County, study researchers prevented their subjects from participating. Many physicians doubted the efficacy of mercury, especially as it had terrible side effects and many patients died of mercury poisoning. Beck (1997) describes a typical mercury treatment : A patient undergoing the treatment was secluded in a hot, stuffy room, and rubbed vigorously with the mercury ointment several times a day. The massaging was done near a hot fire, which the sufferer was then left next to in order to sweat. This process went on for a week to a month or more, and would later be repeated if the disease persisted. Other toxic substances, such as vitriol and arsenic, were also employed, but their curative effects were equally in doubt. [9]. For example, throughout April and May 1861 too few medical stewards (male nurses) were assigned to hospitals. The Government undertook, of course, to provide all that was necessary for the soldier . Camp itch could be treated by ridding the body of the pests or with poke-root solution. Closed bowels were treated with the infamous "blue mass" a mixture of mercury and chalk. Up until the early 20th century it was believed that syphilis had been brought from America and the New World to the Old World by Christopher Columbus in 1493. In 1934 a new hypothesis was put forward, that syphilis had previously existed in the Old World before Columbus. Politics, Prostitution, and the Pox in Revolutionary Paris, 17891799.. The numbers killed and wounded in the Civil War were far greater than any previous American war. Joseph Jones, a southern scientist who after the war attempted to recover medical data, calculated that there was one doctor for every 324 soldiers in the south and one for every 133 soldiers in the north. Regulated prostitutes were sometimes examined every few days. Up until the early 20th century the most popular theory on the origin of syphilis was that it was a new disease, contracted by Columbus men in the New World and introduced to the Old World after their return to Spain on 15th March of 1493. An alternative theory was put forward in 1934 by Richmond Cranston Holcomb that syphilis had already existed in the Old World before Columbus time, and in the latter part of last century palaeopathologists found possible evidence that this may have been so. A recent analysis of the evidence however by Kristin N. Harper, George J. Armelagos and other US anthropologists in 2011 has swung back to the Columbian hypothesis of the origin of syphilis. Sadly when American decided to kill American from 1861 to 1865, the medical field was not yet capable of dealing with the disease and the massive injuries caused by industrial warfare. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6809/ Public Domain. One witness described surgery as such: "Tables about breast high had been erected upon which the screaming victims were having legs and arms cut off. From its beginning, syphilis was greatly feared by society because of the repulsiveness of its symptoms, the pain and disfigurement that was endured, the severe after effects of the mercury treatment, but most of all, because it was transmitted and spread by an inescapable facet of human behaviour, sexual intercourse. [7, 8], 16th and 17th century writers and physicians were divided on the moral aspects of syphilis. Some thought it was a divine punishment for sin, and as such only harsh treatments would cure it, or that people with syphilis shouldnt be treated at all. In 1673, Thomas Sydenham, a British physician, wrote an opposing view that the moral aspect of syphilis was not the province of the physician, who should treat all people without judgement. Soldiers were exposed to malaria when camping in damp areas which were conductive to breeding mosquitos, while camp itch was caused by insects or a skin disease. As Margaret Humphreys graphically describes in Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War, with the doctor too busy or completely absent, soldiers resorted to performing vaccination with whatever they had at hand. The records show that for five weeks in the autumn of 1863 he was hospitalized and treated for syphilis. Green Fever / Sickness - Anemia. It cannot trace causes of outbreaks but does succeed in highlighting the locations that yielded up highly syphilitic male populations (Waukesha, Wis.; Lexington, Ky.; and Boston, among others). WebFrench Pox - Syphilis. Recent Methods in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Syphilis: The Wasserman Serum Reaction and Ehrlichs Salvarsan. Most medicines were manufactured in the north; southerners had to run the Union blockade in order to gain access to them. One had been treated for syphilis, the other for scrofula, a condition in which tuberculosis infects the lymph nodes in the neck. The surgeons and their assistants, stripped to the waist and bespattered with blood, stood around, some holding the poor fellows while others, armed with long, bloody knives and saws, cut and sawed away with frightful rapidity, throwing the mangled limbs on a pile nearby as soon as removed." By the end of 1495 the epidemic had spread throughout France, Switzerland and Germany, and reached England and Scotland in 1497. Arrizabalaga, Jon, Henderson, John and French, Roger. discovery as a bastion of scientific freedom against the communist reign (Finkbeiner). Pestilence and the Printed Books of the Late 15th Century, "Pestilence" and the Printed Books of the Late 15th Century, Spanish Influenza in North America, 1918-1919, Tropical Diseases and the Construction of the Panama Canal, 1904-1914, Tuberculosis in Europe and North America, 1800-1922, The Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia, 1793, Records of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Lloyd E. Hawes Collection of Autographed Letters, Richard James Hooker Collection of Letters from American Women, President of Harvard University Records, Abbott Lawrence Lowell. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. It told the story of a mixed-race boy born near Naples during the war, one of the many figli della guerra (war children) who were a most often unwanted living legacy of the bloody conflict 1. This feat is accredited to Edward Jenner, an English scientist who demonstrated that infecting people with the less threatening cowpox disease would result in immunity to smallpox. [28, 29] Crosby states that both Ulrich von Hutton and Ruy Diaz de Isla identified 1493 as the year the disease first appeared in Europe. Crosby quotes Ulrich von Hutton as saying, In the yere of Chryst 1493 or there aboute this most foule and most grievous disease beganne to sprede amonge the people. Crosbys view was that treponematosis was originally a single disease which evolved into several related but distinct diseases and that venereal syphilis is the variant that developed in America, from which it probably was introduced to Europe with the return of Columbus.
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