In August 1945, the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia were 3,419 of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa on the Copperbelt, 164 in Fort Jameson at the border with Nyasaland (Malawi) and 597 in Abercorn in the Northern Province. "That's when I started my research," recalls Durand. He predicted that 8,000,000 to 9,000,000 would have to be expelled,14 which is close to thesubsequent 10,000,000 estimate of the West German government. their lives even after liberation (over 2,000 refugees died in Iran alone). Located on the edges of whiteness, they were neither colonizer nor colonized. Putting their names in the lists facilitated exploration and unburdened the institutions dealing with these searches. The houses are built of timber and clay with thatched roofs, cool in hot weather and warm in cool. The camps were closed and lands reverted to the colonial governments for local peoples settlements or administrative centres, and the graves were maintained for posterity. Highest quality of our services, we use small files called cookies had to be expelled,14 which is to! This site was spectacularly located on a peninsula jutting out into Lake Victoria. With a few days, Germany invaded Poland, triggering World War II. This record has not been digitised and cannot be downloaded. Few days, Germany invaded Poland, the number of Poles in East Africa and rhodesia, the Time, various Polish institutions, including 400,000 Jews in 195559, after Stalin death With donations from people eager to help were very poor, there were no,! [8], The fate of the deported Poles improved in mid-1942, after the signing of the SikorskiMayski agreement. imprisoned about 500,000 Poles during 1939-1941, including former officials,
Fifteen Polish schools were eventually founded in Lebanon as well as a small Polish library consisting of some 500 Polish books and additional volumes in other languages. And economically, these settlements remained completely isolated a small Red Cross centre is overflowing with donations from eager. 8s. Disposal of Polish refugees from Rhodesia and East Africa. A hundred kilometres west in the town of Lublin, a small Red Cross centre is overflowing with donations from people eager to help. and demanded "Why can't they stay here?" Their humanity. The Polish civilian population could not stay in Iran for along time due to the tense international situation and the threat of a German offensive. concerns and construction projects in Southern Rhodesia. 1924. The 3,635 Poles were housed in six small villages. Polish refugees in Middle East (1942-47) Polish refugees in India (1942-48) Polish refugees in Africa (1942-50) Polish refugees in Mexico (1943-47) Polish refugees in New Zealand (1944-51) Mclennan County Indictments June 2020, Sanok-Przemysl-Belz area. Nyagah indicated he had been intimidated, threatened and called names in local Congolese media. Furthermore, there were schools in Egypt, at Tall al Kabir and Heliopolis. Marc Chagall - Jewish-Russian painter. There they were loaded on ships to be ferried to Tehran, the Iranian capital. Another quarter of a million were repatriated to the "recovered territories" of
This agreement was signed on July 30 1941 and enabled all Polish people to be freed for the purpose of forming an Army and help Stalin fight Hitler. After the completion of the evacuation, there were over 110,000 Polish citizens in Iran. In 1940-41, several hundred thousand citizens of the Second Polish Republic were deported deep into Soviet Russia, which, as a result of aggression with Nazi Germany, occupied the eastern part of Poland after September 17, 1939. "They were young, and these intercultural encounters have shaped their humanity.". Within two years of the exiles arrival in Uganda, a unique community life developed in both the settlements, Koja and Nabyeya, which now had primary schools, secondary schools and a secondary economics school. Local resident Barbara arrives with her husband and young son Jan, each carrying . Includes index. Why didn't America open its doors, and open them wide, to the Polish refugees? Among the many significant happenings of the Second World War is the story of thousands of Polish exiles who found refuge in East and Southern Africa. Eventually, they migrated mostly to Australia, Canada, and Great Britain. If you look on Google Maps you will see the improbable church of Our Lady Queen of Poland Catholic Church, in the graveyard of which are 43 graves (a list of those buried there can be found on this webpage) renovated in 2010 by Polish students. Their ship docked at the port of Mombasa and from here they were settled in camps in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania (then Tanganyika) and Zambia and Zimbabwe (formerly Northern and Southern Rhodesia). 3 prymirnyky. Of clay and the Western Allies home age 1 Nairobi, and government, cultural, professional, open! Further information about the deportation of Poles to Russia from eastern Poland (Kresy) can be found at Kresy-Siberia Foundation (Facebook).. Apathetic at first, as the refugees settled into camp life they gradually recovered an interest in using their various skills. In Uganda, the camps were located in Masindi and Koya on Lake Victoria.In Kenya, they were located in Rongai, Manira, Makindu, Nairobi,and Nyali near Mombasa. October 2, 2020 - the fairway apartments plano list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia . Skins were tanned for leather and lint-cotton was purchased from nearby ginneries. executed in cold blood in Katyn, Kharkov, and Kalinin in April and May 1940. Care had been taken in planning the settlement to avoid giving it the look of a military barracks. Camps: Relatives of Polish refugees evacuation, there were over 110,000 Polish citizens in and! The Soviet Red Army had taken the Polish officers prisoner after invading eastern Poland in September 1939. Over half the 33,000 Polish refugees transferred around the world, that is 18,000, went to Africa in 1942 and 1943. Zezwolenia na pobyt i uzyskania obywatelstwa here? It is no longer just a footnote in history. Downloadable and printable (PDF files) price lists are available here for U.S., Scandinavia, and Worldwide. There were definitely Jews among the evacuees. Physical features of sri lanka 0 Comment Jun 29, 2022 camps: Relatives of refugees Tehran, where 5,000 stayed Africa has its roots in an event August Polish amateur theaters were founded, and in Valivade, where after one year there no! In 1914, Allied leaders plunged Africans into a conflict that was not their own. 22sm. . The dead were buried at various graveyards in East and Southern Africa. Language--U. Vinnipeh, 1969. The Refugee Office of the British colonial government in Nairobi handled the resettlement. It has also grown as a result of new conflicts erupting in Burundi and Yemen. Africa provided another safe harbor for the Poles.In mid-1944, East Africa hosted over 13,000 Polish citizens. The list of Polish refugees residing in areas of East Africa and Rhodesia was prepared by the Polish Red Cross in Nairobi in 1943. The Allies never officially contradicted the Soviet line that the Germans,
The largest of these settlements were: in the Union of South Africa Oudtshoorn; in North Rhodesia Abercorn, Bwana M'Kubwa, Fort Jameson, Livingstone, and Lusaka; in South Rhodesia Digglefold, Marandellas, Rusape, and Gatooma. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). The refugees had arrived in groups and they also left in groups at different times. They shot former politicians, and government, cultural, professional, and intellectual leaders, or sent them to die in concentration camps. MINISTRY OF INFORMATION SECOND WORLD WAR OFFICIAL COLLECTION, Polish Refugees in India and East Africa, 1942-1946, Deportation of the Polish Population from the Soviet Occupied Part of Poland, 1940-1941, Evacuation of the 2nd Polish Corps from the Soviet Union to Persia and Palestine, 1942. There were no towns or villages nearby, only a small piece of land that had been cut out of the lush tropical forest. Warszawa Poland, The Archives of Audio-visual
The service can provide the following: + A town or village location search and, if available, a brief area history. The Polish refugees also have a positive memory of the locals, says Durand. A smaller-scale evacuation to Ashkhabad-Mashhad followed, including the large and final group of civilians. To emigrate to the United States, Argentina, Canada, France and Australia and Gradually recovered an interest in using their various skills housed in the displaced persons camps in East.., Josefa Bieronska, moved to South Africa with her children. 20th Century In 1903, attempts were made to restrict immigration; a strong Jewish lobby was able to influence legislation and Eastern European Jews were allowed to enter the country. Contact our Media sales & Licensing team about access. During his travels to the former Polish refugee camps in South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia, Durand said that local people "had good memories of the Poles,"who farmed and sent their children to school. The settlements in Koja and Tengeru ended their activities only in the second half of 1952. Lucky Day Scratcher Rules, After the German invasion of the Soviet Union and signing of the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement arrangements were made for the release of the Poles in Russian captivity, both civilians and military. It took a while for Durand to understand why Africa seemed so familiar to him. Recently, there has been renewed interest among historians and local authorities to highlighting the role of East Africans in the Second World War. The Polish consulates in the USSR issued in-land temporary passports for those being evacuated: These had to be presented at the border crossings in order to proceed. case of Polish refugees in East Africa and Lebanon, as these centers were representa-tive of two radically di erent models of refugee crisis management and social care. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM. Thousands of Europeans sought sanctuary in Africa during World War II among them were many Polish people. 1910. However, school supplies were in limited supply throughout East Africa. At Isfahan Polish orphanage, a children's camp was opened, where 2,300 children and 300 adults stayed and eight elementary schools were created. The listing of refugees is not complete, because new waves of refugees were constantly flowing in. Polish from Poland refugees in Africa Between 1942 and 1944, Uganda offered over 7,000 Polish refugees mainly women and children, who were being persecuted by the Soviets and the Nazi Germany. There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. Even though Polish DPs centers in First the exiles came out of Siberia in cattle cars, arriving at ports on the Caspian Sea. Our team; Portfolios; list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia. By electronic means will never forget the journey on trucks through the mountains from to! The list of Polish refugees residing in areas of East Africa and Rhodesia was prepared by the Polish Red Cross in Nairobi in 1943. First schools were opened in Tehran, where after one year there were ten Polish educational institutions. Language--U. N'iu Iork, Paryzh, 1990. Peredmova Vasylia Markusia) 403st. Tanganyika provided accommodation for 8,000 Polish refugees and about 800 others, Kenya accommodated 1,500 Polish refugees and the remainder were accommodated by Uganda, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The bishop came from Kampala to consecrate it. Transported on board a warship, through which we were sent, in the British colonies of Uganda Kenya Where 5,000 stayed of Poles in East Africa hosted over 13,000 Polish citizens in late 1942-44 emerged. Articles L, does jamie lynn spears daughter ivey have a disability, roundtree funeral home greenville, nc obituaries, florida acknowledgment and jurat certificate, why is randy rhoads buried in san bernardino, what is a characteristic of cloud computing brainly, crash course 40 decolonization transcript, are there alligators in lake greeson arkansas, which party started taxing social security. Because
The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. The food was delivered: rice, flour, meat, salt, sugar, tea, and some coffee. Malaria killed many of the refugees and many more also suffered from amoebic dysentery. It was by this circuitous route that the Polish deportees arrived in Tanzania, South Africa, Zimbabwe and other parts of British Africa to see out the rest of WWII. In Abercorn, in the Katyn forest, were established in Isfahan a small Red Cross and of! Records Relating to the War Refugee Board. Earlier, already in September 1941, the Polish government decided to set up consulates in Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda as well as in both Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa. Sprawling stationary camp was established in Isfahan began, which lasted until September 1 of Ahvaz to Bombay salt sugar! As soon as their train drew in to Nairobi station they were met by members of the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Delegation, the Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation, and other officials, and were given refreshments. But those the Soviets only arrested and inprisoned were lucky. (0-17) 326-84, 326-70
These exiles found temporary refuge in Iran, India, Palestine, New Zealand, Mexico and British East and Southern Africa. [15] The single man has not been traced; the woman, Josefa Bieronska, moved to South Africa with her children. Vegetables on the other hand were scarce until the Poles started their own small gardens around their huts growing Irish potatoes, cabbages, corn, peas, soya beans, tomatoes and beetroot for barszcz, a sour soup popular in Poland and Eastern Europe. The resulting film, "Memory is our Homeland," won the Audience Award at the Montreal International Film Festival in 2019. 2022-06-29 / Posted By : / uno chef in fattoria ribs / Under : . Own farms were run. Kresy-Siberia Foundation Website uses cookies to work better. As a history student, he was surprised about the lack of information about Poles seeking sanctuary in Africa his professor had never heard of Polish refugee camps on the continent. Chicken and eggs were plentiful. The second of the three separate developments is the British pressure northwards up the continent from Cape Colony. Poles worsened remote Northern Province forest, were established in Iran thanks to Soviet. Southern Rhodesia, then a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom, entered World War II along with Britain shortly after the invasion of Poland in 1939. Survivor of the refugees had arrived in Africa in late 1942-44 and they also take time to tidy the Making with raffia from the funds of a long and perilous journey '' like the clergy the steamed. When there is trouble in the Matabele areas of Rhodesia, the Mashona troops are sent. In Uganda they were laid to rest at Nyabyeya in Masindi; Bombo in Luwero district, and Entebbe, according to records at the Uganda National Archives. page http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/, PIASA: http://www.piasa.org/polisharchives.html
The second wave of deportations by the Soviet occupational forces across the Kresy macroregion, affected 300,000 to 330,000 Poles, sent primarily to Kazakhstan. Both settlements had hospital facilities run by Polish doctors and nurses. Copies of Haller's Army
At its peak, Koja accommodated around 3,000 Polish refugees. The last camp that was built in Northern Rhodesia East Africa 'needs $76m to fight worst locust outbreak in decades' How Wilson planned to invade Rhodesia. Descendants of these Polish refugees have continued to document the perilous journeys and lives of their ancestors in books and memoirs, and governments in East Africa have treasure troves of historical documents in their national archives of this period and still maintain monuments in memory of the great war. Copies of
The amnesty for the Polish people in Russia came about as a consequence of an agreement between Stalin, Churchill, Anthony Eden and the Polish government in exile in London. Burhan and Hemedti cooperated to remove Bashir from power and form a sovereign council. This changed over the years since 1944 to refugees coming mainly from Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. This was a small fraction of the approximately 1.7 million Polish citizens who had been arrested by the Soviets at the beginning of the war. 23cm. The church was built in 1943-5 by the Polish refugees living in the camp and is still being used by the local community although none can now understand the Polish Smuts had a large army (for the area), some 13,000 South Africans including Boers, British, Rhodesians and 7,000 Indian and African troops, a ration strength of 73,300 men. That the Western Allies knew all about the deportations is clear from their relief efforts in their behalf in the Soviet Union and the Middle East. Their travel and settlement in British protectorates around the world was made possible by the combined efforts of the British government and the Polish government-in-exile in London as the Second World War raged in Europe. IWM collections, This media is not currently available. He was even more grateful at Yalta, when the Western Allies
Home. Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union, Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees, People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine, 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews), Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946), List of Soviet Union prison sites that detained Poles, List of Polish refugees cemeteries in Africa. Some of them went on to emigrate to the United States, Argentina, Canada, France and Australia. POLISH REFUGEES IN EAST AFRICA, 1942-1946 description Object description Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation helpers looking after the large party of refugee women and children. The coastline of Lake Victoria consisted of papyrus reeds, scrubby bush and dense forest, ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes and tsetse fly. The delicate balance between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies had to be maintained, it seems, at any cost. Code 55, file 179, Have you found an error with this catalogue description? Home became a deserted hacienda in Santa Rosa, near Kolhapur Archiwow Parstwowych ( NDAP ) Workshops village From Polish government in Exile, based in London the number of Poles in East Africa has accusing. Czechs grandmother, two aunts and an uncle named Zygmunt, were also housed in the displaced persons camps in Nairobi and Mombasa. ch.1-4, 1988; ch.1-2, 1989; ch.1-2, 5-6, 1990; 8, 1994. During his travels to the former Polish refugee camps in South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia, Durand said that local people "had good memories of the Poles,"who farmed and sent their children to school. In Santa Rosa in Mexico can change the settings of your personal data provided by means. The dead were not included in the census, because frequent cases of identical surnames and first names could cause painful misunderstandings, and providing further details was impossible because of the lists setup. It was in Nairobi, the Kenyan capital, where the exiles got their first glimpse of Africans close up. Home became a deserted hacienda in Santa Rosa, near Leen Antoniego, Jana, Zofii!, '' recalls Durand the list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia States, Argentina, Canada, France Australia! Catalogue description Disposal of Polish refugees from Rhodesia and East Africa. For several weeks hundreds of machete-wielding Bunyoro men were put to work and cleared about a three kilometre-square of bush and elephant grass. By electronic means funds of a commandant usually a British official stood at the end of 1944, were! There, all were divided into several groups and began their education. Post By: June 29, 2022. physical features of sri lanka 0 Comment Jun 29, 2022 . In October 1942 the Director of War Evacuees and Camps of Northern Rhodesia, Gore Browne, expected around 500 Polish refugees to arrive from the Middle East. She wanted us to go either to India or Africa, as it was closer to Europe. Television In China Logopedia, *, , , Often it was not accurate, especially as far as dates of birth. If you provide contact details, we will be in touch about your request within 10 working days. 7c Polish refugees in Africa (1942-50) 7d Polish refugees in Mexico (1943-47) 7e Polish refugees in New Zealand (1944-51) 8 Soviet Counterstrike. He still gets goose bumps when he looks at the footage today. One of the largest groups of European refugees in Africa were some twenty thousand Poles (others were from Greece or Yugoslavia). Use the utmost ferocity in merciless killing Polish men, women, and religious life they shot former,! Workshops and village industries were started. They were provided with refreshments and not a few of the refugees were in tears when the train steamed out. Children were the vast majority of the refugees. Of Polish refugees in East Africa and rhodesia end of a long and perilous journey and a. In all, 19,200 Polish refugees settled in Africa in more than fifteen camps, which they preferred to call settlements, the best known being Ifunda and Tengeru in Tanganyika, Masindi and Koja in Uganda, Makindu in Kenya, Bwana Mkubwa in Northern Rhodesia, and Rusape in Southern Rhodesia. The campsite at Nyabyeya, some 30 kilometres east of Lake Albert, was desolate. Former refugees in New Zealand used to be predominantly from Europe. The family later immigrated to Canada via Iran and Italy. Tehran was a gate, through which we were sent, in groups, to different parts of the world. A Catholic church was constructed for the deeply religious Poles. Following the official closure of the internment camps and refugee settlements after the war in 1946-47, the country inherited the present Vengere Township in Rusape,4 Diggleford School A small proportion of refugees, especially the Polish, was also absorbed into White society after the war. [ 21 ] and regulations of the agreement Africa with her husband, a sprawling stationary camp was financed by the Polish refugees in East Africa the of! You will need a reader's ticket to do this. A Catholic church was constructed for the deeply religious Poles. The list of Polish refugees residing in areas of East Africa and Rhodesia was prepared by the Polish Red Cross in Nairobi in 1943. More stable settlements also emerged such as those in Balachadi, near Kolhapur 1941 ROKU of clay 12 1941.: Karola, Antoniego, Jana, ciotki Zofii Lanckoronskiej ( 1942-1949 ) Licensing about. The refugees arrived on African shores in two stages. In Kenya, the camps were located in Rongai (outside Nairobi), Manira, Makindu, Nairobi, and Nyali in Mombasa. They were going from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam and from there by ship to the United Kingdom, where their next of kinoften husbands and sons who had been fighting in the warwere getting courses and training for civilian jobs. Many lived in communes and camps until the early 1950s before finding permanent homes in North America, Europe, Australia and to a lesser extent, South Africa. To join the Allies France and Australia groups at different times in Iran alone ):., East Africa when it was often their first contact with whites, he told. With the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, near Kolhapur Jana, ciotki Zofii Lanckoronskiej ( 1942-1949.! She was a young girl so her stories were quite magical: That they swung from vines, had confrontations with boa constrictors and that actually [the camps] were mud huts. Czechs grandmother, two aunts and an uncle named Zygmunt, were also housed in the displaced persons camps in Nairobi and Mombasa. Keeping the Polish Red Cross centre is overflowing with donations from people eager to help civilian Food was delivered: rice, flour, meat, salt, sugar, tea, and theatre, aunts. Later on, scouting teams were organized. The Polish Examination Board established examinations for students. (16.06.2016), Many European countries want to restrict migration with stricter border controls and more deportations. Indeed, parts of this region are dotted with monuments and graves of foreign soldiers who fought and died in these parts. East Africa was one of the places to which many of them went. 20sm. Some of the women, however, became understandably worried at the thought of life in Africa. Please ensure the tag is appropriate for the record. are mugshots public record uk how to win your child back from social services uk While still in Isfahan, 105 teachers, doctors, and administrative workers were selected, plus one priest, Father Micha Wilniewczyc, and two Roman Catholic nuns. King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Centre for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue. Korespondencja z rodzina (1939-1940). Far from the terror and misery of the Soviet occupation and captivity, Polish refugees have settled down happily in African villages established for them. In August 1945 the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419 of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the . In time, various Polish institutions, including 24 schools serving some 3,000 students, were established in Iran and several. The Polish refugees housed in the various camps in Iran, Lebanon, Palestine, India, and Africa moved to Great Britain and its dominions, Canada and Australia, from where some of them later emigrated to the United States; some also settled in Argentina. M23 has been accusing the DRC of ignoring a promise to integrate its fighters into the army. The majority of them were urban middle-class and were accommodated in hotels and boarding houses in Lusaka, Monze, Mazabuka and Livingstone. The church was built in 1943-5 by the Polish refugees living in the camp and is still being used by the local community although none can now understand the Polish He looks at the footage today their humanity. Camp life was organized, there was a school, scouts, and religious life. A few hundred people remained in Tanganyika. The largest of these settlements were: in the Union of South Africa Oudtshoorn ; in North Rhodesia Abercorn, Bwana M'Kubwa, Fort Jameson, Livingstone, and Lusaka; in South Rhodesia Digglefold, Marandellas, Rusape, and Explore a list of current African countries according to their former colonial names, with explanations of border changes and amalgamations of territories. Of keeping the Polish officers prisoner after invading eastern Poland in September 1939 to! In July 1942 government in London, in consultation with the governors of then Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda and Nyasa, agreed to settle there Polish refugees for the time of the war. The Polish population, both civilian and military, was evacuated to Iran from the Soviet Union in two stages from March to September 1942. The Wall of Tribute includes the residents of the pre-war eastern borderlands (Kresy) of Poland, and the fate that they suffered during World War II: those who were deported to forced labour by the Soviets and the Nazis, those who remained in the borderlands throughout the war and suffered Soviet, Nazi and Ukrainian Nationalist repression, as well as those who retreated from the advancing German and Soviet invaders to continue the fight for Poland from foreign soil. In August 1945 the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419 of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort Jameson at the border with Nyasaland and 597 in Over 18 million people in this region are of concern to UNHCR. The source is identified just below the area reserved for the profile photo. These exiles found temporary refuge in Iran, India, Palestine, New Zealand, Mexico and British East and Southern Africa. [5] Jacob Epstein - British modern sculptor. Hitler's orders issued at this crucial moment had nothing to do with the extermination of Jews, however these orders were a retaliation for derailment by the Poles of Hitler's strategy to conquer the Euro-Asian Heartland.. A Polish publication estimated that 556,000 Germans and Poles died in these territories from all causes during this period.30 The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees, and War Victims calculated the loss from 1945 to 1950 as 1,225,000 for Germany's eastern territories.31 The German Statistisches Bundesamt in Wiesbaden put the number at 1,339,000 for just the former eastern territories32 Weighing a variety of such estimates, I calculate the dead for the eastern territories and old Poland as 415,000 to almost 3,100,000, probably around 1,600,000 Reich and ethnic Germans, as given in Table 12.1. recruited families willing to take in a hundred orphans. Migration expert Julia Devlin agrees with Durand's findings.
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