Quanah Parker. Quanah Parker and his band were unable to penetrate the two-foot thick sod walls and were repelled by the hide merchants' long-range .50 caliber Sharps rifles. The troopers held on to some of their horses, but lost 70 of their mounts to the Comanches. The winter of 1873-1874 proved to be a hard one not only for Parker and his band, but also for Comanches living on the reservation. Cynthia Ann, who was fully assimilated to Comanche culture, did not wish to go, but she was compelled to return to her former family. If that is the case, then why would he have been nicknamed fragrant? There is a legend, as related by American History, that Quanah was born on a bed of wildflowers. After a few more warriors and horses, including Isa-tais mount, were hit at great distances, the fighting died out for the day. Disappears is The monument which guards his grave reads: OldWest.org strives to use accurate sources and references in its research, and to include materials from multiple viewpoints and angles when possible. Quanah and Nautda never met again after her capture, but Quanah took her name, cherished her photograph, and grew friendly with his white relatives. In December 1860, Cynthia Ann Parker and Topsana were captured in the Battle of Pease River. Word of the raid had reached troops stationed at Fort Richardson, and they caught up with the war band along the Red River. P.6, Pekka Hamalainen. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. After a year of marriage and a visit of Mescalero Apache in the Quohada camps, Ta-ho-yea asked to return home, citing as her reason her inability to learn the Comanche language. Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Quanah Parker (died 1911) was a leader of the Comanche people during the difficult transition period from free-ranging life on the southern plains to the settled ways of reservation life. White society was very critical of this aspect of Quanahs life, even more than of his days raiding white settlements. The Quanah Parker Trailway (State Highway 62) in southern Oklahoma. Quanah and his band, however, refused to cooperate and continued their raids. Quanah Parker was different from other Native American leaders in that he had grown wealthy after his submission. Iron Jackets charmed life came to an end on May 12, 1858, when Texas Rangers John S. Ford and Shapely P. Ross, supported by Brazos Reservation Native Americans, raided the Comanche at the banks of the South Canadian River. Overhead, an eagle "glided lazily and then whipped his wings in the direction of Fort Sill.". In the case of the Comanche, the tribe signed a treaty with the Confederacy, and when the war ended they were forced to swear loyalty to the United States government at Fort Smith. [6] The campaign began in the Llano Estacado region where Comanche were rumored to have been camping. In response 30 whites set out in pursuit of the raiders. Whites saw Quanah as a valuable leader who would be willing to help assimilate Comanches to white society. How many participants were involved on both sides, whether Nocona was killed, and whether Quanah and Nocona were even present are all disputed issues, though it seems likely that Nocona neither perished nor was present. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. P.337, Paul Howard Carlson. He had wed her in Mescalero by visiting his Apache allies since the 1860s and had got her for five mules. Armed with 50-caliber Sharps rifles, the whites flaunted government regulations and began hunting buffalo year round for their hides on land specifically set aside for Native American hunting. Cynthia Ann Parker. He was the son of a Comanche chief and an Anglo American woman, Cynthia Ann Parker, who had been captured as a child. Parker soon began leading raids in Texas, northern Mexico, and other locations. Quanah also maintained elements of his own Indian culture, including polygamy, and he played a major role in creating a Peyote Religion that spread from the Comanche to other tribes. After his death in 1911, Quanah was buried next to his mother, whose assimilation back into white civilization had been difficult. This association may have related to his taking up the Native American Church, or peyote religion. In October 1867, when Quanah Parker was only a young man, he had come along with the Comanche chiefs as an observer at treaty negotiations at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. Thus, the correct answer is option A. . You can live on the Arkansas and fight or move down to Wichita Mountains and I will help you.. It is during this period that the bonds between Quanah Parker and the Burnett family grew strong. But by the spring of 1875, he realized that further resistance was futile. He became a war chief at a relatively young age. Over the years, Quanah Parker married six more wives: Chony, Mah-Chetta-Wookey, Ah-Uh-Wuth-Takum, Coby, Toe-Pay, and Tonarcy. Shortly thereafter Roosevelt visited Quanah at the chiefs home, a 10-room residence known as Star House, in Cache, Oklahoma. He was a respected leader in all of those realms. Slumped in the saddle, the wounded soldier turned his horse around. He had 12 stars painted on the roof so that he could apparently outrank any general that visited him. A photograph, c.1890, by William B. Ellis of Quanah Parker and two of his wives identified them as Topay and Chonie. The Comanches began to fall back, except for Parker, who hid in a clump of bushes. Comanche political history: an ethnohistorical perspective, 1706-1875. Quanah was the son of Chief Peta Nocona and Cynthia Ann Parker, a white woman captured by the Comanches as a child. The "cross" ceremony later evolved in Oklahoma because of Caddo influences introduced by John Wilson, a Caddo-Delaware religious leader who traveled extensively around the same time as Parker during the early days of the Native American Church movement. Ranald Mackenzie. Quanah Parker's band came into Fort Sill on June 2, 1875, marking the end of the Red River War. The name, according to the Texas State Historical Association, came about when he acquired a set of Spanish chainmail armor at some unknown point. Decades later, Quanah denied that his father was killed by Ross, and claimed he died later. In May 1836, Comanche and Caddo warriors raided Fort Parker and captured nine-year-old Cynthia Ann and her little brother John. She grew up as a daughter of the tribe, married Nocona, and gave birth to son Quanah (Fragrant), son Pecos (Peanuts), and daughter Tot-see-ah (Prairie Flower). These attributes were among the many positive traits of a Comanche warrior who eventually became the most famous Comanche chieftain of the Southern Plains. Yellow Bear pursued the band and eventually Quanah Parker made peace with him. With European-Americans hunting American bison, the Comanches' main source of food, to near extinction, Quanah Parker eventually surrendered and peacefully led the Kwahadi to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma. However, she retreated from white society and fell into depression, which grew worse after the death of Prairie Flower in 1864 from fever. A die-hard non-reservation Comanche, Parker continued raiding in Texas. Previously, on April 28, 1875, about seventy-two captured chiefs had been sent by Sherman to Fort Marion, Florida, where they were held until 1878. . After his death in 1911, Quanah was buried next to his mother, whose assimilation back into white civilization had been difficult. Taking cover behind a buffalo carcass, Parker was struck in the shoulder by a ricochet. Related read: 10 Places to See Native American Pictographs & Petroglyphs in the West. The cavalrymen opened fire on the Comanches killing their leader. Parker still had to get away. All versions of the event agree that Cynthia Ann and her young daughter, Prairie Flower, were captured. In the melee, the Texans recaptured Parker and her infant daughter, Prairie Flower. Mackenzie established a strong border patrol at several forts in the area, such as Fort Richardson, Fort Griffin, and Fort Concho. The siege continued for two more days, but the Comanches eventually withdrew. Quanah Parker earned the respect of US governmental leaders as he adapted to the white man's life and became a prosperous rancher in Oklahoma. [6] In 1884, due largely to Quanah Parker's efforts, the tribes received their first "grass" payments for grazing rights on Comanche, Kiowa and Apache lands. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. New Haven: S. C. Gwynne (Samuel C. ). But, Quanah Parker changed his position and forged close relationships with a number of Texas cattlemen, such as Charles Goodnight and the Burnett family. Though most Indians found the transition to reservation life extremely difficult, Quanah adapted so quickly that he was soon made chief. She was adopted to the Quahade tribe and given the name Nau-u-day, meaning Someone Found.. Quanah Parker: Son of Cynthia Ann Parker and the Last Comanche Chief to Surrender. Miles followed the Comanches incessantly and demanded an unconditional surrender. At the age of 66, Quanah Parker died on February 23, 1911, at Star House. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1996. According to S.C.Gwynne, the name may derive from the Comanche word kwaina, which means fragrant or perfume. After 24 years with the Comanche, Cynthia Ann Parker refused re-assimilation. The Tonkawas once again picked up the trail, and the soldiers entered the canyon again only to discover that the Comanches had gone up the bluffs on the other side. When they closed to within 100 feet, the soldier fired his revolver, nicking Parkers thigh. The Comanche Empire. Although less well known than other conflicts with American Indians, the war was of great importance. Burk Burnett began moving cattle from South Texas in 1874 to near present-day Wichita Falls, Texas. She was raised as a Comanche and married Chief Nocona. Quanahs father, Peta Nocona, was also highly revered as a war chief. Through his hospitality, political activism, and speaking engagements, the one-time war chief emerged as a national celebrity with a reputation for wit, warmth, and generosity. [15] Parker and his brother, Pee-nah, escaped and made their way to a Comanche village 75 miles to the west. When rations did finally arrive, they were found to be rancid. Quanah later added his mother's surname to his given name. Corral, but Virgil Earp, In the last half of the 1800s, the bustling port town of San Francisco, which grew out of, If you are a fan of the Paramount+ series Yellowstone (and who isnt? After one particularly vicious raid, a conglomerate force of U.S. Cavalry, Texas Rangers, and civilian volunteers surprised the Comanches as they were breaking camp on December 18. To make matters worse, the U.S. government failed to obtain enough rations and annuities for those who settled on the reservation to survive the first winter. The country is founded on the doctrine of giving each man a fair show to see what is in him.. Quanah Parker Last Chief of the Comanches A series of raids established his reputation as an aggressive and fearless fighter. The Comanches made repeated assaults but were repulsed each time. To process the hides for shipment to the East, they established supply depots. Quanah Parker was a man of two societies and two centuries: traditional Comanche and white America, 19th century and 20th. Many of these Indians were friendly, and received the new settlers gladly, offering to trade and coexist peacefully, while other tribes resisted the newcomers. The Comanche Empire. Angered over their defeat, the Comanches attacked other settlements. [8] [4] General Sherman picked Ranald S. Mackenzie, described by President Grant as "the most promising young officer in the army," commanding the 4th Cavalry, to lead the attack against the Comanche tribe. He became one of the chief representatives for all Native American people, along with others like Geronimo. Originally, Quanah Parker, like many of his contemporaries, was opposed to the opening of tribal lands for grazing by Anglo ranching interests. To fight an onset of blood burning fever, a Mexican curandera was summoned and she prepared a strong peyote tea from fresh peyote to heal him. After a few rounds were fired more than half the troopers and an officer galloped away. He also snared a good size herd of horses and mules, the care of which he entrusted to his Tonkawa scouts. The Red River War officially ended in June 1875 when Quanah Parker and his band of Quahadi Comanche entered Fort Sill and surrendered; they were the last large roaming band of southwestern Indians. [1], Quanah Parker's home in Cache, Oklahoma[1] was called the Star House.[5]. Swinging down under his galloping horses neck, Parker notched an arrow in his bow. He frequently participated in raids in which the Comanches stole horses from ranchers and settlers. Pekka Hamalainen. With the dead chief were buried some valuables as a mark of his status. With the buffalo nearly exterminated and having suffered heavy loss of horses and lodges at the hands of the US military, Quanah Parker was one of the leaders to bring the Kwahadi (Antelope) band of Comanches into Fort Sill during late May and early June 1875. After this, Gen. Nelson A. As for Parker, he prospered as a stockman and businessman, but he remained a Comanche at heart. Parker, who was not present at the Battle of Palo Duro, continued to hold out with his followers, dodging army patrols and continuing to hunt the quickly vanishing buffalo. He later became the main spokesman and peacetime leader of the Native Americans in the region, a role he performed for 30 years. Quanah Parker's name may not be his real one. Roosevelt said, Give the red man the same chance as the white. Then, taking cover in a clump of bushes, he straightened himself, turned his horse around, and charged toward the soldier firing the bullets. He became an influential negotiator with government agents, a prosperous cattle-rancher, a vocal advocate of formal education for Native . Quanah grew to manhood in that environment, the son of a war leader, in a warlike society, during a time of frequent warfare. The Comanche Empire. Nine-year-old Cynthia had been kidnapped by Comanches during the Fort Parker raid of May 1836. Segregated. The Buffalo Soldier Tragedy of 1877. Although outsmarted by Parker in what became known as the Battle of Blanco Canyon, Mackenzie familiarized himself with the Comanches trails and base camps in the following months. Quanah Parker, as an adult, was able to find out more about his mother after his surrender in 1875, Tahmahkera said. Though he encouraged Christianization of Comanche people, he also advocated the syncretic Native American Church alternative, and fought for the legal use of peyote in the movement's religious practices. Comancheria, as their territory was known, stretched for 240,000 square miles across the Southern Plains, covering parts of the modern-day states of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado. Cynthia Ann Parker had been missing from Quanahs life since December 1860, when a band of Texas rangers raided a Comanche hunting camp at Mule Creek, a tributary of the Pease River. P.341, Paul Howard Carlson. He was just 11 years old when Texas Rangers carried off Cynthia Ann and little Prairie Flower, igniting in the boy a hatred of white men. On September 28, 1874, Mackenzie and his Tonkawa scouts razed the Comanche village at Palo Duro Canyon and killed nearly 1,500 Comanche horses, the main form of the Comanche wealth and power. Updates? Cynthia Ann was eventually "discovered" by white men who traded with the Comanches. Nocona purportedly was killed in the raid. More conservative Comanche critics viewed him as a sell out. When a couple of Texans rode by him, he emerged and killed both of the men with his lance. In the summer of 1869 he participated in a raid deep into southern Texas in which approximately 60 Comanche warriors stole horses from a cowboy camp near San Angelo and then continued to San Antonio where they killed a white man. Sturm found Quanah, whom he called "a young man of much influence with his people," and pleaded his case. [4] The attack on Adobe Walls caused a reversal of policy in Washington. The Quahadis used the Staked Plains, an escarpment in west Texas, as a natural fortress where they could elude both the U.S. Army and the Texas Rangers. Omissions? About a third of the Comanches refused to sign, among them Parker and the other members of the Quahadi band. [1] New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. After the attack, federal officials issued an order stating that all Southern Plains Indians were expected to be living on their designated reservation lands by August 1, 1874. The Comanches numbered approximately 30,000 at the beginning of the 19th century and they were organized in a dozen loosely related groups that splintered into as many as 35 different bands with chieftains. This concerted campaign by the U.S. Army proved disastrous for the Comanches and their Kiowa allies. As explained in Wild West, Quanah led a party of up to 300 Comanche and Kiowa warriors against 28 buffalo hunters at a trading post on the Canadian River. Prairie Flower died of pneumonia in 1864, and unhappy Cynthia Ann starved herself to death in 1871. Other Comanche chiefs, notably Isa-Rosa ("White Wolf") and Tabananika ("Sound of the Sunrise") of the Yamparika, and Big Red Meat of the Nokoni band, identified the buffalo hide merchants as the real threat to their way of life. Quanah Parker Lake, in the Wichita Mountains, is named in his honor. Parker eventually shot the soldier in the head. Iron Jacket used this to good effect, impressing fellow Comanches with his ability to turn away missiles. Historian Rosemary Updyke, describes how Roosevelt met Quanah when he visited Indian Territory for a reunion of his regiment of Rough Riders from the Spanish-American War. ), you were probably thrilled when, When Josephine Marcus Earp died in Los Angeles on December 19, 1944, her small memorial attracted little attention, 50 Native American Proverbs, Sayings & Wisdom Quotes, 10 Places to See Native American Pictographs & Petroglyphs in the West, 10 Revealing Facts About Isaac Parker, the Old Wests Hanging Judge, 7 Remarkable Native American Women from Old West History, The Fighting Men & Women of the Fetterman Massacre, The Brief & Heinous Rampage of the Rufus Buck Gang, 10 Important Battles & Fights of the Great Sioux War, 5 Spectacular Native American Ruins in Colorado You Can Visit Today, Flint Knapping: Stone Age Technology that Built the First Nations, 10 Native American Mythical Creatures, from Thunderbirds to Skinwalkers, The Complicated Legacy of Peacemaker Ute Chief Ouray, 15 Native American Ruins in Arizona that Offer a Historic Glimpse into the Past. Related read: 10 Important Battles & Fights of the Great Sioux War. One way Quanah maintained his position was by being able to maintain Comanche traditions. The wound was not serious, and Quanah Parker was rescued and brought back out of the range of the buffalo guns. Quanah Parker has many descendants. It was the late 1860s and Parker was part of a war party that had swooped down on isolated ranches and farms near Gainesville, Texas. It was believed that Quanah Parker and his brother Pecos were the only two to have escaped on horseback, and were tracked by Ranger Charles Goodnight but escaped to rendezvous with other Nokoni. In his first expedition, Mackenzie and his men attacked these camps twice. Burnett assisted Quanah Parker in buying the granite headstones used to mark the graves of his mother and sister. The treaty had little chance of success given that the Southern Plains tribes were nomadic hunters who had no interest in farming. American forces were led by Sgt. It led to the Red River War, which culminated in a decisive Army victory in the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. a Kiowa chief, advised against continued warfare. He dressed and lived in what some viewed as a more European-American than Comanche style. The Comanches aggressively repelled trespass onto their domain, known as the Comancheria (todays Texas, eastern New Mexico, and parts of Kansas and Oklahoma), attacking Texas towns, clashing with the US Army and Texas Rangers, and periodically shutting down traffic on the Santa Fe Trail. D uring the latter years of his life, Quanah Parker was the best known of all the Comanche, and his is still a name to conjure with in Texas more than a . However even after that loss, it was not until June 1875 that the last of the Comanche, those under the command of Quanah Parker, finally surrendered at Fort Sill. The two bands united, forming the largest force of Comanche Indians. Therefore, option (a) is correct. Weckeah bore five children, Chony had three, Mahcheetowooky had two children, Aerwuthtakeum had another two, Coby had one child, Topay four (of which two survived infancy), and Tonarcy, who was his last wife, had none. Our database is searchable by subject and updated continuously. Perhaps from self-inflicted starvation, influenza took Cynthia Ann Parkers life probably in 1871. We then discuss the event that began the decline of the Comanches: the kidnapping of a Texan girl named Cynthia Ann Parker. 6731 Whittier Avenue, Suite C-100 McLean, VA 22101, Stay up to date with all of our latest news, Parker, who was not at the village when Mackenzie attacked it, continued to remain off the reservation. The Comanche tribe was one of the main sources of native resistance in the region that became Oklahoma and Texas, and often came into conflict with both other tribes and the newer settlers. Quanah Parker is credited as one of the first important leaders of the Native American Church movement. Quanah was greatly excited for the return of the nearly extinct animal that was emblematic of the Comanche way of life. P.335, Pekka Hamalainen. Quanah Parker Trail, a small residential street on the northeast side of, 2007, State of Texas historical marker erected in the name of Quanah Parker near the, This page was last edited on 12 April 2023, at 01:19. [13] The battle ended with only three Comanche casualties, but resulted in the destruction of both the camp and the Comanche pony herd. Due to tensions between them and the Indian Office, the Indians saw the withholding of rations as a declaration of war, and acted accordingly. [10], The Second Battle of Adobe Walls in 1874 was one of the opening engagements of the summer and fall campaign in 1874, even though it did not involve military personnel. On September 28, the Comanche and Kiowa suffered a crippling defeat when Mackenzie swept through Palo Duro Canyon in the Staked Pains, destroying their village and capturing 1,000 horses. Her repeated attempts to rejoin the Comanche had been blocked by her white family, and in 1864 Prairie Flower died. Parker wove his way toward the trooper with the weakened mount, using him as cover from the fire of the remaining soldiers. [7] They succeeded in pushing the Quahadi far into the region before they were forced to abandon the hunt for the winter. Quanah Parker, the last chief of the Quahada Comanche Indians, son of Peta Nocona and Cynthia Ann Parker, was born about 1845. . He is buried at Chief's Knoll on Fort Sill. Clinical studies indicate that peyocactin, a water-soluble crystalline substance separated from an ethanol extract of the plant, proved an effective antibiotic against 18 strains of penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, several other bacteria, and a fungus.[11]. [22] In 1957, his remains were moved to Fort Sill Post Cemetery at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, along with his mother Cynthia Ann Parker and sister Topsannah ("Prairie Flower"). The meaning of Quanahs name is unclear. Burnett helped by contributing money for the construction of Star House, Quanah Parker's large frame home. The Comanche tribe, starting with nearly 5,000 people in 1870, finally surrendered and moved onto the reservation with barely 1,500 remaining in 1875. Fragmented information exists indicating Quanah Parker had interactions with the Apache at about this time. They were the wealthiest of the Comanche in terms of horses and cattle, and they had never signed a peace treaty. P.338, Pekka Hamalainen. [2] President Grant's Peace Policy became an important part of the white-Indian relations for a number of years. For example, he refused to cut his traditional braid. Attempts by the U.S. military to locate them were unsuccessful. Then, taking cover in a clump of bushes, he straightened himself, turned his horse around, and charged toward the soldier firing the bullets. Mackenzie sent Jacob J. Sturm, a physician and post interpreter, to solicit Quanah's surrender. 1st ed.. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003. The most famous of the Comanches was Quanah Parker, who led them in their last days as an independent power and into life on reservations. This extended into Roosevelts presidency, when the two hunted wolves together in 1905. He took his role seriously and did what he could for his people. General William T. Sherman sent four cavalry companies from the United States Army to capture the Indians responsible for the Warren Wagon raid, but this assignment eventually developed into eliminating the threat of the Comanche tribe, namely Quanah Parker and his Quahadi. [1] The inscription on his tombstone reads: Resting Here Until Day Breaks The Bureau of Indian affairs even reported Quanahs wives as mothers rather than refer to the open polygamy. Quanah Parker, aka the Eagle, died on February 23, 1911, at Star House, the home he had built. Parker welcomed new technology he bought a car and owned one of the first home telephones in Oklahoma yet held on to his cultural traditions, refusing to give up any of his eight beautiful wives, his magnificent braids, or his peyote religion. 1st ed.. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003. The reservation Comanches found government rations either nonexistent or of poor quality. A national figure, he developed friendships with numerous notable men, including Pres. As American History explains, his stationary read: Principal Chief of the Comanche Indians. It was in this role that Quanah urged his fellow Comanches to take up farming and ranching. However, he also overtly supported peyote, testifying to the Oklahoma State Legislature, I do not think this Legislature should interfere with a mans religion; also these people should be allowed to retain this health restorer. He was a respected leader in all of those realms. [citation needed] The correspondence between Quanah Parker and Samuel Burk Burnett, Sr. (18491922) and his son Thomas Loyd Burnett (18711938), expressed mutual admiration and respect. But their efforts to stop the white buffalo hunters came to naught. Quanah Parker became a strong, pragmatic peacetime leader who helped his people learn to farm, encouraged them to speak English, established a tribal school district for their children, and lobbied Congress on their behalf. Quanah Parker was said to have taken an Apache wife, but their union was short-lived. Burnett ran 10,000 cattle until the end of the lease in 1902. [6] Changing weather patterns and severe drought caused grasslands to wither and die in Texas. The meaning of Quanah's name is unclear. After being reunited with the Parker family, Cynthia tried repeatedly to return with her daughter to her husband and sons on the Plains but was caught and returned to her guardians each time. Within a year, Parker and his band of Quahadis surrendered and moved to southwestern Oklahoma's Kiowa - Comanche reservation. Comanche political history: an ethnohistorical perspective, 17061875. Reminiscent of General Sherman's "March to the Sea," the 4th Cavalry fought the Comanche by destroying their means of survival. After Peta Nocona and Iron Jacket, Horseback taught them the ways of the Comanche warrior, and Quanah Parker grew to considerable standing as a warrior. He led raids on the Texas frontier from the 1830s until December 18, 1860, when he was purportedly killed in battle with Captain Lawrence Sullivan Ross at the Pease River. It was during such raids that he perfected his skills as a warrior. With help from Charles Goodnight and other friendly cattlemen that he once had raided, Quanah Parker became a wealthy rancher and built his stately, two-story Star House at Cache, Oklahoma. His first wife was Ta-ho-yea (or Tohayea), the daughter of Mescalero Apache chief Old Wolf. Born 1852 P.334, Pekka Hamalainen. He advocated only using mind-altering substances for ritual purposes. [9] In the winter of 1873, record numbers of Comanche people resided at Fort Sill, and after the exchange of hostages, there was a noticeable drop in violence between the Anglos and the Native Indians. He is considered a founder of the Native American Church for these efforts. The tribal elders had other ideas, though, telling Parker that he should first attack the white buffalo hunters.
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