(2) The round head of the malleus, in combination with a fitting round depression on the periotic side, seems to form a joint. Ancient whales were able to hear like their terrestrial ancestors, according to a new study based on analyses of the structures of ancient whale ear bone fossils. Use the sticky paste to make a compress and attach it with an elastic bandage. Thank You, Thank You, Radiance Swan. I went back to the doc for my followup visit two weeks and two days after the injury, the doc kept asking, three times, "When did this injury had occur?" Echolocation and specialization to infrasonic or ultrasonic hearing as seen in modern whales came later, only after whales had returned to the sea. It always worried me to read that people were advocating taking Comfrey internally, as I had often read that it had the POTENTIAL to possibly damage the liver. I used two different companies, one with alcohol and one without alcohol. I am thankful that there is a place to discuss and learn about their uses even when various organizations might villainize or ban them. These acids cause leaching of calcium (alkaline) out of the bones as the body frantically tries to neutralize the increased acidity in the blood. It was many years ago and we all use it a lot. He applied the cream, made from the plant root, three times a day. Early amphibious whales had hearing capacities close to those of their terrestrial kin. All rights reserved, that transition involved modifying their ears, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Raspberry tea healed my indigestion after I was forced to eat "junk food" for 3 days whilst staying with my husband's cousin. MTg5ZmRjZjY1NTczYzNkYTY0NDM1ZWExNDIxMmI1N2I3ZjkxMGZmM2ZjMTA5 He could not believe how fast it had healed, he left the cast off and now I have a soft splint. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Of course she didn't believe him until she pressed, twisted and pushed on his foot without him uttering a sound. Please, please, for your safety and your readers, remove the comfrey tea! PLoS One. Quickly as I pushed up (my knees need help) I seemed to have stretched the ligaments in my wrist in that hand, the pain was so great. We also studied the amino acid composition of the cetacean involucrum relative to that of other skeletal bone. Based on their studies, Mr. Mourlam and Dr. Orliac conclude that the extreme hearing abilities of modern whales is derived from a mid-frequency ancestral ear. Who buys lion bones? I applied with a q-tip under the cast at the site of the fracture once or twice a day. Sperm whales are toothed whales, which [+] hear in the ultrasonic range. While comfrey is a folk remedy that is still commonly recommended by herbalists, some scientists are concerned about the safety of comfrey, believing it to be harmful to the liver. NWExMmY3YTcxYjkwOTg0ZjAxNmMwNWMyOGNjMGI5NmVmMWVmMDk0YjAzNmZl I am a biological scientist but not a physician. Radiance (WA), I broadly concur regarding your comments concerning Comfrey! (A and D) In situ cochlea through a translucent rendering of the petrosal bone presented in ventral view. We investigated organic, carbonate, and mineral composition as well as crystal size and crystallinity index. YmI2YTlkOTE3MjNmNjEzZDkzNTk5ZmM4YTM5MGIwNjRjNjgyNGFkMTcwMzI4 Hear Res. Triangles represent extant (orange) and Paleogene (yellow) land artiodactyls. Would you like email updates of new search results? He called my husband and I and I told him about comfrey ointment. WebDiscover the world of Crystal Healing with our Metaphysical Crystal Guide, Crystal Divination Cards, Buy Retail & Wholesale Crystals online & more. Its flavor is not strong and can be enjoyed a number of different ways. I do need to be more consistent. FOIA PMC Even though she had 2 fractures, Cloe decided not to wear a cast but a sling, which is why she could take off the sling at night. Was this remedy applied topically or taken as a tonic? San Diego State University. Abbreviations: IF, infrasonic frequencies; MF, midfrequencies; UF, ultrasonic frequencies. A natural practitioner will be able to help you understand any specific concerns about comfrey use for your own situation. This ancient marvel rivaled Romes intricate network of roads, For some long COVID patients, exercise is bad medicine, Radioactive dogs? I will have to look into silica for my own hair! If you pour comfrey tea onto sanitary pads, freeze them, and use them instead of regular sanitary pads in days following childbirth, postpartum mothers will experience pain relief and quick healing. MDBmZThhMjI5NWUwMDhmZjY0ODVjZjEyNDFhYjdjZjg5NmM0YWY1YWY0NDNl The defining characteristic of cetaceans is a thick and dense lip (pachyosteosclerotic involucrum) of an ear bone (the tympanic). WebTo better understand the constraints on this transition, we examined the physical dimensions of the bony auditory complex, in relation to body size, for both living and extinct cetaceans. As Paracelsus said, "The dose makes the poison.". "We have that experience when we submerge entirely in a pool," he said. M2UzMDc4YWExN2IwOWZmODhmMjliN2U2YjY2ZjMzNzgxM2JiOGYyYmU2MTYx I harvest the leaves before I cut the flowers off and this also serves to help stop it spreading, which it would otherwise have a strong tendency to do. Abbreviations: ca, cochlear aqueduct; cc, cochlear canal; fc, fenestra cochleae; fv, fenestra vestibuli; pb, petrosal bone; sbl, secondary bony lamina (imprint of basal ridge). Thank God for healing herbs :) :). Please note that we use cookies necessary for the functioning of our website, cookies that optimize the performance. Not bad for a 58 year old female. [ref], augmented by the two protocetids from Kpogame, ten land artiodactyls, and data from the literature [ref]. "This is, in my opinion, a grand discovery.". Doctors said I would need an implant. If we've learned anything from the COVID-19 pandemic, it's that we cannot wait for a crisis to respond. How much did I use? Content on this website is for information only. If it is too soft, add more beesax. One of my hens hurt her foot and isn't bearing weight on it. I have a lipoma and I heard comfrey leaf might help. see no problem with making a tea out of the leaves. Whales and dolphins had land-based ancestors that made their way into the ocean millions of years ago. Not only does comfrey benefit the outside structure of the body, it is healing to the entire skeletal system. In fact, the Japanese use comfrey vinegar extracts for treating cirrhosis of the liver. Last year, my Comfrey salve completely healed my stage 1 bedsore in one week! Outside of the virus prevention supplements, I was also taking some other things like the Lecithin and Bamboo. Found in South Carolina among rocks dating back to the Oligocene epoch and christened Cotylocara macei, the fossil whale is named after Mace Brown, a curator at the College of Charleston's Mace Brown Natural History Museum in South Carolina who acquired the specimen for his private collection about a decade ago. Dermatitis, psoriasis and eczema can all benefit from comfrey. Our findings show that infrasonic and ultrasonic hearing evolved in Neoceti, after the emergence of fully aquatic whales, write the authors in their paper. I have been taking the Silica and Horsetail supplements for about two months. Before bed I couldn't take it anymore so I put some Comfrey salve on it and sprayed it with a pain killer spray that I had and slepted all night. Hear Res. So she basically where's it 24/7 . However, it is soluble in DMSO and this can help with fractures. But dried comfrey can be used with success as well. While the whale's soft tissue rotted away long ago, the skull bones show several featuressuch as a downturned snout and a slight asymmetry of the skullthat suggest Cotylocara was one of the earliest whales to use echolocation, Geisler's team reports online today in Nature. on 04/15/2007, Posted by Kitchen Witch (New York) on 07/05/2017, Posted by Mama To Many (Tn ) on 10/27/2016. -----END REPORT-----. In addition, this causes them to be weak and prone to breaking or fracturing in the first place. The whale tail is often found in their culture as a symbol of strength, due to the power that the tail provides to the whale. The resulting three dimensional representations of the interior structure of the cavity within the petrosal bone is known as an endocast. ". Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily, its staff, its contributors, or its partners. NzljNjdkZGE2NTcwNzY0MTEifQ== Besides broken bones, these externally poulticed leaves and roots are also used for cuts, bruises and sprains.". Crosses represent Oligocene (pink), Miocene (magenta), and more recent (purple) odontocetes. EC I would also like to mention my progress with my hair and nails. There is a ruler in each photo to give the dimensions of the piece. It is functional, and often beautifully designed in unanticipated ways.". The Comfrey Extract relieved the pain in the early healing process. He applied the cream three times a day for a week. Comfrey tincture can be applied to old wounds or taken internally for lung issues. National Library of Medicine WebWhales are mammals which means that, like humans and other land mammals, they have three inner ear bones and hair, they breathe air, and the females produce milk through mammary glands and suckle their young. They compared the anatomy of early whales' petrosal bones with those of their relatives, the even-toed ungulates, a group that includes terrestrial and semi-aquatic animals such as hippopotamuses, pigs, and camels. Sometimes I put too heavy a load on that hand in the spur moment without thought. Hunting by ear. He was pretty stressed out and desperate as he and his wife had just sold their property and were packing up to leave in a few weeks. Spend $100 or More & nervous excitability, provide antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating effects. The site is secure. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. I sometimes I put the comfrey extract on at night if I have over use pain. In fin whale material properties of tympanic bulla have been characterized by very low bending strength and impact resistance, however by high modulus (1431 GNm 2) and high density (2.06 10 3 2.47 10 3 kg/m 3) [ 19 ]. Heres how paradise fought back. Pour the salve into a clean jar. The tympano-periotic complex forming the ear region consists of a ventral bowl-shaped tympanic bone in direct contact with the surrounding soft tissues and the incident sound, and a dorsal periotic bone containing the inner ear. He is yet to have his doctor's appointment, but judging by the progress so far, he won't be taking six weeks to heal. ZGU2N2Q5OTZiNjdkYjQwMzJhNjg2YmVmMGUwZDgxZWQ2NzY4MmJmNTMwYjJi Physical Characteristics:Whale Middle Ear Bones, fossilized. The next morning it didn't look half as bad!!!!!! What we can learn from Chernobyl's strays. Fossil Whale Offers Clues to Origins of 'Seeing With Sound'. For every 4 ounces of comfrey oil, melt in1 Tablespoon of beeswax. And the article that mentions comfrey tea does state, "While comfrey is a folk remedy that is still commonly recommended by herbalists, some scientists are concerned about the safety of comfrey, believing it to be harmful to the liver. By investigating the structure of their petrosal bones, Mr. Mourlam and Dr. Orliac were traveling back in time. ScienceDaily. I used a tincture of comfrey acquired from the local healthfood store. Whales rely on their keen sense of hearing to navigate, to communicate and to forage. After a while I was convinced it was the Lecithin that had started my hair growing and smoothed my nails out in early 2020. Accessibility Now if the water you drink is high in hydrogen peroxide (water with not over 0.5% food grade H2O2), then the oxygen will come from H2O2 component more readily, reducing the garlic smell somewhat. I would hate to see the feedback about the internal uses erased from this site, as that would reduce our power as consumers to make our decisions about the remedies we use. According to researcher Nicholas Higgs, whale bones of the lower back HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help He said to her mother to keep doing what she was. But little is known about how they actually process these sounds. Now, researchers have found that the whales have specialized skulls that can capture the energy of low frequencies and direct it toward their ear bones to hear. Just think of the sheer size and ability that tail requires just in order to support such a huge creature! Deletions from the Genome, End for Indus Megacities: Prolonged Droughts. It has help some people heal fractures and this is one way to avoid poisonous alkaloids from comfrey. Y2UwMmI1NzI3NDUyOTZhMGZjZTgzM2RmMTRlMzcwNmY3NGQyMzY0Mzk1MTc2 It's a bit like dividing the whale's head into a series of LEGO bricks, Cranford explained, where the properties of the bone, muscle, and other materials determine how strong the connections are between the bricks. (Credit: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / Public domain), hear in the ultrasonic range. UM-KPG-M164. Use this square to strain out the oil into another jar. This unique feature is absent in modern terrestrial artiodactyls and is suggested to be important in underwater hearing. We compared the dimensions of the tympanic bulla, a conch-shaped ear bone unique to cetaceans, with bizygomatic width-a proxy for cetacean body size. Unauthorized use is prohibited. He was pretty excited and the next day, his fiance bought a jar from the chemist and he started to apply it to the area. Thank you for your thorough and helpful update! Would you happen to know if your comfrey extract was from comfrey leaf or root? The only known skull of Cotylocara doesn't Isolated ear bones, the periotic and the auditory bulla, are among the most commonly found specimens of Pomatodelphis inaequalis (Figs. https://www.hairguard.com/benefits-bamboo-extract/. I started putting poultices on it the day of my surgery as soon as I returned home. However, the risk of genetic damage from these PAs appears to be lowTo minimize potential risk, lengthy internal use is to be discouraged." We thought we knew turtles. (2015, January 29). It depends. "I knew it was special then," he says. PCA of Nine Parameters of the Cochlea within Artiodactyla This dataset was compiled based [+] on the PCA of Churchill et al. Overview of the cetacean tympanic bone. (1) It is well known that, in addition to the ossicular chain, two other bone structures connect the tympanic to the periotic bone. 2023 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Anatomy and physics of the exceptional sensitivity of dolphin hearing (Odontoceti: Cetacea). NDBjYjgwM2M0NDA4Njk4M2NjNzgyYmUwZTFmOWZiNTIxOTE3ZDU1MGY0MTAy "Overall, the description of Cotylocara underscores the need to investigate the inner ear of fossil Oligocene cetaceans in much more detail, because that's where the answer will be," Pyenson says. NDc1YTZjMzI4MzIyYWQ4ZTBjODVhNDViYTM4OWIzNmJhNzljNDJhYjI4MDQ2 For every 4 ounces (by weight) of oil, add 1 T. beeswax pastilles. 2019 Oct 9;286(1912):20191417. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1417. Some whales hear well down to 16 hertz (or cycles per Here, we investigate the mineralogical and biochemical properties of the involucrum, as these may hold clues to the aquatic adaptations of cetaceans. Extreme hearing abilities in whales derive from a mid-frequency ancestral ear Based on their studies, Mr. Mourlam and Dr. Orliac conclude that the extreme hearing After you have infused the oil with one of the above methods, use a square of a clean t shirt or sheet that you can part with. Comparisons with other fossil and modern whales and terrestrial relatives reveal that earliest whales hearing capacities were similar to those of their terrestrial kin and that infrasonic/ultrasonic hearing evolved after the emergence of modern whales. Abbreviations: ca, cochlear aqueduct; cc, cochlear canal; fc, fenestra cochleae; fv, fenestra vestibuli; pb, petrosal bone; sbl, secondary bony lamina (imprint of basal ridge). 6-8). I have used fresh comfrey in smoothies and even sauteed and made and used comfrey salve. Now I apply the comfrey tincture on a bandaid and leave it on overnight. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Other suppliers of allantoin are primarily Chinese and European manufacturers seeking manufacturing contacts. She then would make a paste out of it, spread the paste on a cotton cloth, wrap it around her arm, and put elastic bands or safety pins in to secure it. Summary: Understanding how baleen whales hear has posed a great mystery to marine mammal researchers. You can reduce this if you halved your dosages or drinking diluted hydrogen peroxide will also help reduce the smell. - Berkeley's Whale Evolution article says: "These first whales, such as Pakicetus, were typical land animals." It's not difficult to do the research on this one but I can see why people get confused! WebWhale Ear Bones have been used in healing rituals by shamans and Native American medicine men. Once they had their scan, the researchers employed a technique known as finite element modeling that breaks up data representing the skull and other parts of the head into millions of tiny elements and tracks their relationships with one another. Inside South Africas skeleton trade. It can swamp most computers.". Thanks. Science and AAAS are working tirelessly to provide credible, evidence-based information on the latest scientific research and policy, with extensive free coverage of the pandemic. Living whales have specialized ear bones that let them hear the high-frequency sounds bouncing off their prey. This process was long and difficult because this cavity was filled with sediments and partly recrystallized and because the petrosal bone in cetaceans is particularly thick and dense, which lowers the quality of the images and sometimes impedes analyzing them, said the study's co-author, Dr. Orliac. Get more great content like this delivered right to you! There are enough people, including myself who eat, drink and have in smoothies. Epub 2010 Jan 22. ). Comfrey tincture is an easy way to benefit from comfrey. The x-ray revealed that my bone was fractured in two places. Indirect Contributions Are Essential To Physics, The Crisis In Theoretical Particle Physics Is Not A Moral Imperative, Why Study Science? The paper first reviews our present understanding of the functional morphology of the odontocete (toothed whale) ear. Update: My friend with the broken collar bone was healed in three weeks. ZTQxM2M1NzI5NmI0ZDQ2Zjk5M2RmODhlMzZkZGQ1MTM4YzJiMWJlNGEwYmE1 A natural practitioner will be able to help you understand any specific concerns about comfrey use for your own situation.". Eocene evolution of whale hearing, Nature 430:776-778 | doi:10.1038/nature02720, Morgan Churchill, Manuel Martinez-Caceres, Christian de Muizon, Jessica Mnieckowski, and Jonathan H. Geisler (2016). Who is Monica Bertagnolli, Bidens pick to lead NIH? Micro-CT scanning designed to probe fossils uses x-rays that are far more intense than those employed by conventional medical micro-CTs used to examine the insides of living beings. In some mammals, such as humans, the squamosal is fused with other elements, making the temporal bone. For one, ears that "float" inside a whale's head allow it to figure out where sounds are coming from underwater. May be it is the synonym of Asphaltum, (Shilajit in an Indian Sanskrit). (Little granules.) "This research has driven home one beautiful principle: Anatomic structure is no accident. Fresh leaves, if you have access to them, can be cleaned and dried in an oven on very low heat. Topography of vibration frequency responses on the bony tympano-periotic complex of the pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus. What Was It Like When The Universe First Created More Matter Than Antimatter? OTlhOGViYmMzNmY2ZWFiOTFiNWIzOGYwM2FiYmU3NzQ1OTEzMTg2YTcxYTYw For one, ears that "float" inside a whale's head allow it to figure out where sounds are coming from underwater. OGYwOWI2ODI3MDkzNGE0ZGI3YjU5NTEzMDRjNDg0ZDM0MWFjZjYxMGVlYjZi "At that point, computationally, it's just a simple physics problem," Cranford explained. I did the above lavishly for about a month until the pain began to subside. I had an individual sprain his ankle really bad, it had a huge knot on the side of the ankle and was swelled up the side of the leg. From South Carolina. Despite intensive efforts to save the whale, it died. It may take a while before I find my post regarding hairballs and strange horizontal looking lines across my fingernails. Currently, there are two competing hypotheses regarding which end of the hearing frequency spectrum evolved first: did the early whales (Protocetidae) first begin hearing low-frequency sounds (i. e; ref) or high-frequency sounds (ref)? Evolutionary & behavioural ecologist, ornithologist & science writer. By simulating a sound wave passing through their computerized skull, they could see how each miniscule component of bone vibrates in response. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. Squares represent Oligocene (cyan), Miocene (light blue), and more recent (black) mysticetes. All of these whales are considered endangered, with the exception of the gray whale, which recently was removed from the endangered species list, Cranford said. ). The researchers will be reaching out to museums that house whale skulls. For now, the evolutionary epic of whale echolocation is only just beginning to be heard. According to Cranford, baleen whales might be particularly susceptible to negative effects from these sounds. I used Herb Pharm dried root extract and Dr. Christopher's original formula root extract. From South Carolina. Comfrey is a perennial plant that grows profusely with little care. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. They can also help with communication with the ancient past and/or the wisdom of the whales. Krysl added that we humans experience a version of this phenomenon, too. The different auditory frequencies that modern whales perceive also affect nearly every aspect of their lives and natural history, from the sort of habitats they live in to what they eat. Paleobiologist Mickal Mourlam, a graduate student at the Universit de Montpellier in France, and his dissertation advisor, paleobiologist Maeva Orliac, a researcher at the the French National Center for Scientific Research, unearthed the fossilized ear bones of early whales from deposits that had accumulated between 4643 million years ago. Talking Orca Learns To Mimic Human Speech, Forbes (link). I wouldn't suggest using DMSO as a solvent. It's the skull that makes Cotylocara so remarkable. 2023 Earth Clinic LLC. (DF) Protocetidae indet. I ordered some comfrey capsules and had her take one twice a day. Hi JoCarol, Thank you for your post. We compared bioapatites (enamel, dentine, cementum, and skeletal bone) of cetaceans with those of terrestrial artiodactyls and pachyosteosclerotic ribs of manatees (Sirenia). Please make a tax-deductible gift today. Your access to this site was blocked by Wordfence, a security provider, who protects sites from malicious activity. Table/Altar "Sculptures", Large Figurines, Quartz (Clear, Red, Rose, Lavender, etc. Comfrey compresses healed not only the deep bruising (in 3 days), resulting from a stubbed, broken toe but also, bone -- after all, the common name for comfrey is "knit bone". She continued her dance classes and did her recital with her cast on. (Protocetidae). Create an account to read the full story and get unlimited access to hundreds of Nat Geo articles. San Diego State University. Cloe is a 2nd Dan black belt in karate who has used comfrey salves to heal two bone fractures. The Origin of High-Frequency Hearing in Whales, Current Biology 26(16):21442149 | doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.004, Ekdale, E.G., and Racicot, R.A. (2015). This new joint is between two bones that are nowhere near each other in non-mammals: the squamosal in the skull and the dentary in the mandible. Fritchey, Philip, Practial Herbalism, 2004. . I have tried holding taping to it twice. "What our contribution does is give us a window into how the world's largest animals hear, by an odd mechanism no less," he said. Comfrey is nutritive to the joints and bones. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. These human-made noises come primarily from three sources: commercial shipping, energy exploration, and military exercises. Of mice, moles and guinea pigs: functional morphology of the middle ear in living mammals. An official website of the United States government. WebUnique Composition of Whale Ear Bones 577 Figure 1. NWM5NGU5MGEyMTVlNDI1MGY5MTgyMGU0OTBhZTE5NjhjYjIxNzNlMGQ3ZDM4 Comparisons with other fossil and modern whales and terrestrial relatives reveal that earliest whales hearing capacities were similar to those of their terrestrial kin and that infrasonic/ultrasonic hearing evolved after the emergence of modern whales. There are other cautions they mention - one really ought to do one's OWN research before diving into the deep end on this one! Cranford and Krysl have studied many species of toothed whales and beaked whales over the past 13 years, as well as dolphins and fish. But obviously she has an injury. Of course I had to mentioned about the comfrey ointment and relayed the above testimony. To learn more about our cookies, how we use them and their benefits, please read our Privacy Policy, Posted by Heidi (Narvon, Pa) on 09/15/2014, Posted by JoCarol (United States) on 04/10/2019, Posted by HisJewel (New York) on 10/04/2021, Posted by J (Jefferson, Texas) on 01/25/2018, Posted by Julie (Melbourne, Australia) on 08/26/2014, Posted by Romona (Olivet, Michigan) on 03/16/2009, Posted by Howard (Shawnee Mission, Kansas 66201) on 12/21/2008, Posted by Ann (Union County, NJ) on 03/03/2007, Posted by Carol (OKC, U. S. You can mix about 100-5000 mg of allantoin to 2 cc of DMSO. Its mucilage properties are especially helpful for the joints. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. eyJtZXNzYWdlIjoiMjAyMDYzMTVkYzY0NTE0YTM2MDgxYmRkMjc1N2JiN2Y1 How do we reverse the trend? So after the cast was removed she continued to give her the capsules and applied the salve on the arm around the broken area. ZTg3N2M4ZTAxZDFhODIxNDJjMGNiYWVjYTU4M2VkOWUwZjMwMGRjNzJmZjUy A new problem seems to have developed in my hand now. The only known specimen of the early odontocete includes a nearly complete skull and jaw, three neck vertebrae, and fragments of seven ribs. The defining characteristic of cetaceans is a thick and dense lip (pachyosteosclerotic involucrum) of an ear bone (the tympanic). All rights reserved. In these species the jaw joint is also called the temporomandibular joint, or TMJ. Living whales have specialized ear bones that let them hear the high-frequency sounds bouncing off their prey. Whatever made me happy. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The correct name for contacting Majestic Mountain Sage is thesage.com. About a month ago I stubbed my toe very hard. Early evolution of the ossicular chain in Cetacea: into the middle ear gears of a semi-aquatic protocetid whale. It was a clean break so they just put a cast on. The large symbols correspond to the centroid of the three main morphospaces. [ref], augmented by the two protocetids from Kpogame, ten land artiodactyls, and data from the literature [ref]. These endocasts allowed the researchers to analyze the internal cavities within the petrosal bone, which contains the cochlea, a spiral bone that is the auditory portion of the inner ear (Figure 1). A, Skull of a beluga whale in ventral view, with right tympanic bone circled, to show
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